1. CHAPTER 4 CARBON AND THE MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF LIFE Section A: The Importance of Carbon 1.Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds 2.Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms 3. Functional groups are the parts of molecules involved in chemical reactions

2. Although cells are _________ water, the rest consists mostly of carbon-based compounds. Four major groups of macromolecules are 1._____________ 2.______________ 3._______________ 4. _______________ all composed of carbon atoms bonded to each other and elements. hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P). Introduction

3. Organic compounds range from simple (CO 2 or CH 4 ) to complex molecules (proteins of 100,000 daltons). The overall percentages of the major elements of life ___ ________________ are quite ___________ from one organism to another. 1. ____________________ is the study of carbon compounds

4. Total of __electrons (__ in the first shell and __in the second shell). Carbon usually completes its ___________ shell by _________ electrons with other atoms in four covalent bonds. This ______________ by carbon makes large, complex molecules possible. 2. Carbon atoms are the ________________ building blocks of molecules The ___________ of carbon and its partners can be viewed as the ____________ that governs the _____________ of organic molecules.

5. In _________________, one carbon atom forms two ________________ with two different oxygen atoms. The structural formula, _____________, shows that each atom has completed its valence shells. CO 2 is the source for all _________________ in organisms via the process of_________________. ______, CO(NH 2 ) 2, is another simple organic molecule in which each atom has enough covalent bonds to complete its __________ shell. C O N H H

6. Carbon chains form the ______________ of most organic molecules. The skeletons may vary in length and may be ________, ___________, or arranged in closed ________. 3. Variation in carbon skeletons contributes to the diversity of organic molecules Branched Rings Length Double bonds Fig. 4.5

7. ________________ are organic molecules that consist of only _________ and ___________ atoms. Hydrocarbons are the major component of____________. Petroleum is a _____________ because it consists of the partially decomposed remains of _______________. _____ are biological molecules that have long hydrocarbon tails attached to a __________________ component. Fig. 4.6

8. ________ are compounds that have the same ________________ but different ____________ and therefore different chemical properties. Example: butane and isobutane have the same molecular formula C 4 H 10, but butane has a _________ skeleton and isobutane has a ______________ skeleton. Fig. 4.7a butane isobutane

9. ___________________ are molecules that are mirror images of each other __________________ are possible if there are ______ different atoms or groups of atoms bonded to a carbon. If true, it is possible to arrange the four groups in space in two different ways that are _____________________. Usually one is biologically active, the other inactive. Fig. 4.7c

10. Even the subtle structural differences in two _____________________ have important functional significance because of _______________properties from the specific arrangements of atoms. EXAMPLE :One enantiomer of the drug ____________ reduces morning sickness….. ….but the other isomer causes severe ________________ ANOTHER EXAMPLE: The L-Dopa isomer is an effective treatment of _____________ disease, but the D-Dopa isomer is ______________. Fig. 4.8

11. The components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in __________________ are known as _________________. Functional groups are __________________ that replace one or more _________________ in the carbon skeleton of the hydrocarbon. Each functional groups behaves ________________ from one organic molecule to another. The _____________ and _______________ of functional groups help give each molecule its unique properties. 4. Functional groups contribute to the molecular diversity of life

12. The basic structure of _______________ (male hormone) and _______________ (female hormone) is identical. Both are steroids with four fused carbon rings, but they differ in the functional groups attached to the rings. These then interact with different _________ in the body. Fig. 4.9

13. There are _______________________ that are most important to the chemistry of life: 1) ____________ 2) ____________ 3) _____________ 4) _____________ 5) _____________ 6) _____________ All are ____________ and ____________ solubility of organic compounds in water.

14. 1) ____________________- Polar covalent bonds hydroxyl groups improve the solubility Organic compounds with hydroxyl groups are _______ and their names typically end in -ol. See pages 64-65

15. 2)____________________- ______________- If the carbonyl group is on the end of the skeleton If not, then the compound is a ____________. See pages 64-65

16. 3) _______________________- Compounds with carboxyl groups are _____________. A carboxyl group acts as an acid See pages 64-65

17. 4) _______________________ - Organic compounds with amino groups are _______ The amino group acts as a base Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, have _____ and ___________ groups. See pages 64-65

18. 5) ______________________. resembles a hydroxyl group in shape. stabilize the structure of proteins Organic molecules with sulfhydryl groups are ______. See pages 64-65

19. 6) ____________________________ - connects to the carbon backbone via one of its oxygen atoms. are anions with two negative charges as two protons have dissociated from the oxygen atoms. See pages 64-65

20. Living matter consists mainly of ______________ with smaller amounts of sulfur and phosphorus. These elements are linked by strong ____________ bonds. Carbon with its ______ covalent bonds is the basic building block in molecular architecture. The great diversity of organic molecules with their special properties emerge from the unique arrangement of the carbon skeleton and the functional groups attached to the skeleton. 2. The chemical elements of life: a review