1. Animal Diversity and Systems
Vertebrate Evolution
Animal Diversity and Systems

2. The “Big 5” of Kingdom Animalia
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic
Motile
No cell walls

3. What taxonomic groups will vertebrates have?
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Subphylum
Vertebrata
Class…
we will study 7 classes…

4. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata Subphylum Cephalochordata
Ex. Sea squirt (tunicate)
Subphylum Cephalochordata
Ex. Lancelet
Subphylum Vertebrata
Bilateral sym; coelomate; endoskeleton; closed circ. Sys.
Ex. Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

5. Phylum Chordata - chordates share 4 traits:
Most chordates have a backbone – called vertebrates

6. Integuments – Body Coverings
Adapted for varied habitats and temperature control
Fish scales
Soft, moist skin
Scaly dry skin
Feathers
Fur/hair

7. Temperature Regulation
Ectotherms
~ “cold-blooded”
~ regulate body heat using their surroundings
~ limited habitats
*more efficient because do not have to make body heat
Endotherms
~ “warm-blooded”
~make own body heat
~ costs more food (energy)
~ can live in really hot/cold places

8. Heart Chambers 2 chambers is less efficient than 4
4 chambers allows maximum oxygen to be carried in the blood

9. Reproduction Fertilization can be… External Internal
- usually in water - usually fewer made
- usually very large #s - usually higher parental care
- usually very low parental care

10. Class Agnatha Jawless Fishes
Ex: lampreys & hagfish
Most primitive fish

11. Class Chondrichthyes Cartilaginous Fishes
Sharks & Rays

12. Class Osteichthyes Bony Fishes
“common” fish!

13. Types of Respiratory Organs
Gills – fishes
Skin – amphibians
Lungs – most higher vertebrates

14. Must develop way to move…way to breathe…and way to not dry out!
Water  Land
Must develop way to move…way to breathe…and way to not dry out!

15. Frogs, Newts, Salamanders
Class Amphibia
Frogs, Newts, Salamanders

16. Class Amphibia Habitat Integument Skeleton/Appendages
Land; but must be near water for reproduction & to stay moist
Integument
Moist, thin skin
Skeleton/Appendages
Bones, 4 limbs, often webbed
Temperature Regulation
ectothermic
Respiration
Skin; primitive lungs
Circulation/Heart
3 chamber heart
Reproduction/Fertilization
External/internal fertilization; sexual/parthenogenesis; oviparous
Nutrition
carnivore

17. Amphibian Reproduction

18. Amniotic Egg Invented by the reptiles Allows for fully living on land
Embryo protected w/I membranes & a shell
Mammals take this a step further by keeping embryo inside

19. Amniotic Eggs - have shell and membranes so they don’t dry out

20. Turtles, Snakes, Lizards, Alligators, Crocodiles
Class Reptilia
Turtles, Snakes, Lizards, Alligators, Crocodiles

21. Class Reptilia Habitat Integument Skeleton/Appendages
Full land (though some are aquatic)
Integument
Dry, scaly skin resists drying out
Skeleton/Appendages
Bones, claws; (snakes none)
Temperature Regulation
ectothermic
Respiration
lungs
Circulation/Heart
3 chamber heart for most
4 chamber heart in crocs
Reproduction/Fertilization
Amniotic eggs; leathery shells
Internal fertilization; sexual; all three methods of birth
Nutrition
Carnivore/herbivore

22. Class Aves
Birds!

23. Birds make changes to enable flight
Hollow bones, Feathers, Beaks

24. Birds evolved from reptiles

25. Class Aves Habitat Integument Skeleton/Appendages
land
Integument
Skin with feathers
Skeleton/Appendages
Bones hollow for flight
Beaks instead of teeth
Wings & reptile-like claws
Temperature Regulation
endothermic
Respiration
lungs
Circulation/Heart
4 chamber heart
Reproduction/Fertilization
Internal fertilization; harder shells; sexual; oviparous
Nutrition
Herbivore/omnivore

26. Class Mammalia – Placentals

27. Monotremes – odd mammals!
Duckbill Platypus

28. Marsupials have pouches in which offspring develop
Kangaroo & Opossum

29. Class Mammalia Habitat Integument Skeleton/Appendages
land
Integument
Skin with hair or fur
Skeleton/Appendages
Bones; 4 limbs; wide variations in appendages
Temperature Regulation
endothermic
Respiration
lungs
Circulation/Heart
4 chamber heart
Reproduction/Fertilization
Internal fertilization; live birth: viviparous (except monotremes)
Sexual reproduction
Other
Mammary glands to nurse young
Marsupials = pouch

30. Mammalian Reproduction
Meiosis produces gametes with haploid # of chromosomes
Haploid = 23 for humans
Males start producing sperm at puberty
Females are born with all of their eggs
At puberty one per month matures

31. The End

32. Vertebrate Ontogeny

33. Class Agnatha Habitat - aquatic Integument - skin Skeleton - cartilage
Nutrition
- parasite/carnivore
Respiration
- gills
Circulation/Heart
- 2 chambered heart
Reproduction/Fertilization
- external fertilization; sexual reproduction; oviparous
Temperature Regulation
- ectothermic

34. Class Chondrichthyes Habitat Integument Skeleton/Appendages Nutrition
aquatic
Integument
Scales/ denticles
Skeleton/Appendages
- cartilage; fins
Nutrition
- carnivore
Temperature Regulation
Ectothermic
Respiration
gills
Circulation/Heart
2 chamber heart
Reproduction/Fertilization
internal fertilization; sexual; all 3 birthing methods
Other
Swim bladder to maintain position

35. Class Osteichthyes Habitat Integument Skeleton/Appendages Nutrition
aquatic
Integument
scales
Skeleton/Appendages
bone; fins
Nutrition
- detrivore, herbivore, carnivore, omnivore
Temperature Regulation
Ectothermic
Respiration
gills
Circulation/Heart
2 chamber heart
Reproduction/Fertilization
Internal & external fertilization; sexual reproduction; all 3 birthing methods
Other
Swim bladder to maintain position

36. Oviparous – egg-laying animals
Methods of Birth
Oviparous – egg-laying animals
Ovoviviparous – egg is inside parent w/ no placental connection, fed by egg yolk; hatches inside; live birth
Viviparous – baby in uterus w/ placental connection; live birth

37. Gills in Fish

38. Which is the __?
Heart
Lung
liver
Intestines
Stomach

39. Reptiles are first to develop amniotic egg

40. Quiz #1
1. List 3 traits that vertebrates/chordates have that distinguish them from invertebrates.
What is the advantage of being ectothermic?
3. What is the disadvantage of being ectothermic?
4. Why was the amniotic egg such a big deal in terms of evolution of animals?

41. Quiz #1
5. Which vertebrate group was the first to develop the amniotic egg?
6. Excluding “general animal/vertebrate traits”, what is ONE similarity between:
A. Osteichthyes and Amphibia
B. Amphibia and Reptilia
7. Although amphibians were the first land animals, they are still tied to the water. Describe TWO reasons why they are still tied to the water.

42. Quiz #1 Which is the… 8. heart? 9. liver? 10. lung? 11. stomach?
12. intestines?

43. 4 heart chambers > 3 > 2
Oxygenated & Non-oxygenated blood kept completely separate in 4 chamber heart… they mix in others (not as efficient!)