2. and

5.  The bones of embryos are made largely of cartilage. They are soft.  The process of ossification uses calcium to create bone as the child grows and matures.  The skeleton has over 200 bones.

6.  Bones gradually become hard and strong.  With age bones lose their density and strength. When severe this is called osteoporosis.  Eating foods containing calcium and exercising regularly helps bones to develop and stay stronger for longer.

8.  A joint is where two or more bones meet. Synovial joints  Cartilage reduces friction. Acts as a shock absorber.  Synovial fluid lubricates the joint.  Synovial membrane produces synovial fluid.  Tendon joins muscle to bone enabling movement.  Ligament joins bone to bone, stabilising the joint.

9.  Abduction Movement away from the mid- line of the body  Adduction Movement towards the mid-line of the body  Extension Straightening limbs at a joint – moving bones apart  Flexion Bending the limbs at a joint. – moving bones towards each other  Rotation A circular movement around a fixed point

10.  Hinge Elbow, knee, fingers;  Movement=Flexion, extension  Ball and Socket Shoulder, hip  MovementFlexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation  Pivot Between the atlas and axis in the neck

11.  Protection - the cranium and ribs protect the brain and vital organs in the chest.  Shape - gives shape to the body and makes you tall or short.  Support - holds your vital organs in place when playing sport. The vertebral column holds the body upright.  Movement - muscle are attached to bones, which are jointed. When the muscles contract the bones move.  Blood production - red blood cells (to carry oxygen) and white blood cells (to protect against infection) are produced in the bone marrow of some bones.

12.  Cervical Vertebrae – supports the head and the neck and allows it to nod and rotate  Thoracic Vertebrae – ribs are attached making a protective cage. It allows some movement bending forward and backward and side to side  Lumbar Vertebrae - allows much flexibility; bending forward and backward and side to side but is prone to injury  Sacral Vertebrae – these are fused together and make a strong base. Transmit force from legs to upper body  Coccyx – fused vertebrae with no special use

14. The skeleton is made up of bones which meet at JOINTS. There are several different types of joints.

15. The joints at the __________ and ____ are ball and socket joints. SHOULDER HIPS They allow movement in different directions

16. The joint at the _______ is a hinge joint. It allows movement up and down, but not side to side. ELBOW

18. The ______ is made up of joints that only have a small amount of movement SPINE

19. The _____ of an adult is made up of joints that have fused together, so they cannot move SKULL

21. Muscles can only contract (get shorter) or relax (when they can be pulled longer again).

22.  Read over this section of the module