1. Shaping Chapter 8

2. Simple Reinforcement Before: Andrew has no gum Behavior Initial: Andrew moves his lips After: Andrew receives gum

3. Differential Reinforcement Before: Andrew has no gum Behavior Intermed: Andrew moves his lips Behavior Intermed: Andrew makes croaking sound After: Andrew receives no gum After: Andrew receives gum Reinforcement Extinction

4. Differential Reinforcement Before: Andrew has no gum Behavior Intermed: Andrew makes croaking sound Behavior Terminal: Andrew says “gum” After: Andrew receives no gum After: Andrew receives gum Reinforcement Extinction

5. Process of Shaping Used when the response is not currently in the repertoire Is used as an intervention We don’t shape people, we shape responses

6. Operant Level The frequency of responding before reinforcement

7. Terminal Behavior Behavior not in the repertoire or not occurring at the desired rate; This is the goal of the intervention

8. Shaping Behaviors Initial behaviors Intermediate behaviors

9. Initial behavior Behavior that resembles the terminal behavior along some meaningful dimension and occurs with at least a minimal frequency

10. Intermediate behaviors Behavior that more closely approximates the terminal behavior

11. The procedure of shaping with reinforcement The differential reinforcement of only that behavior that more and more closely resembles the terminal behavior

12. Shaping with Reinforcement Before: Andrew has no gum Behavior Initial: NA Intermed: Moves lips only Terminal: Says words unclearly Behavior Initial: Andrew moves lips Intermed: Andrew makes croaking sound Terminal: Says words clearly After: Andrew receives no gum After: Andrew receives gum Reinforcement Extinction

13. Differential Reinforcement vs. Shaping Differential Reinforcement Shaping # of response classes OneA series Successive Approximations to the terminal behavior NoYes Some terminal behavior at the start YesNo

14. Differential Reinforcement vs. Shaping – fill in the table ShapingDifferential Reinforcement # of response classes Successive Approximations to the terminal behavior Some terminal behavior at the start

15. Shaping with punishment The differential punishment of all behavior except that which more and more closely resembles the terminal behavior

16. Variable-outcome shaping Shaping that involves an increase in the magnitude of a reinforcer or a decrease in the magnitude of an aversive outcome as performance more and more closely resembles the terminal behavior

17. Variable Outcome Shaping Before: Rod has no rattle in his hand Behavior Initial: weak force Intermed: forceful Terminal: very forceful Behavior Initial: forceful Intermed: very forceful Terminal: superforceful After Initial: no rattle Intermed: Rattle in 10s Terminal: Rattle in 6 sec After Initital : Rattle in 10-sec Intermediate: Rattle in 6s Terminal: Rattle in 4s Quicker Reinforcement Slower Reinforcement

18. Fixed outcome shaping Shaping that involves the delivery of a fixed magnitude of a reinforcer, when performance meets the changing criterion, or the delivery of a fixed magnitude of an aversive outcome, when performance fails to meet the changing criterion.

19. Fixed Outcome vs. Variable Outcome Shaping Fixed Outcome Variable Outcome # of outcome sizes OneMany Regression to earlier levels No reinforcersWeaker reinforcers Usual Source of Shaping Behavior Modifier (planned) Nature (unplanned)

20. Operant Classes R1R1 R2R2 R3R3 R4R4 SRSR A R5R5 R6R6 R7R7 R8R8 SRSR B Differential Reinforcement

21. Shaping “Creates” new behavior (creates classes) –adds responses to an individual’s repertoire Differential reinforcement of successive approximations

22. Shaping Artificial (i.e., deliberate)

23. Deliberate Shaping 1.Select a final target behavior 2.Measure current distribution (baseline) 3.Differentially reinforce an approx. 4.Diff. reinf. new approx. Place previous approx. on EXT 5.Continue until target behavior occurs

24. Eckerman et al. (1980) Interested in developing principles of shaping Two questions –Step Size? –How fast (i.e., step rate)?

25. Eckerman et al. (1980)

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28. 12345678 910111213141516 17181920 Nominal Operant Class Induction (Response Generalization) Functional Operant Class

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30. 12345678 910111213141516 17181920 Small Steps

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41. Eckerman et al. (1980) Independent Variables Step Size = Change in distance each step Step Rate = How long at each step

42. Eckerman et al. (1980) Dependent Variable Accuracy –Percentage of pecks at target locations

43. Eckerman et al. (1980) Results Accuracy was unaffected by step size or step rate Just as accurate with large steps and a criterion that changes rapidly Under these conditions, relatively large steps and relatively rapid change are best

44. 12345678 910111213141516 17181920 Small Steps

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58. 12345678 910111213141516 17181920 Large Steps

59. Eckerman et al. (1980) Results Accuracy was unaffected by step size or step rate Just as accurate with large steps and a criterion that changes rapidly Under these conditions, relatively large steps and relatively rapid change are best