1. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Soybean Suspensions James D. Wilson STEP Science Camp May 21 to June 1, 2001 Advisor: Antoine Al-Achi, Ph.D.

2. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Introduction Soybean has been cultivated in China for thousands of years. Currently, the United States is the main producer of Soybean worldwide. Soybean is commonly used in food industry, especially in Asia. Soybean is rich in proteins and oil. It contains all the essential proteins needed for life.

3. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Objectives To prepare suspensions containing soybean powder with different suspending agents. To test the ability of soybean powder to act as a suspending agent itself.

4. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Soybean Formulas

5. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Phosphate Buffer Solution Potassium Phosphate, Monobasic (0.2 M)250 ml Sodium Hydroxide (0.2 M)145.5 ml Purified Water qs. ad.1 liter pH = 7.00

6. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Formula 1: Soybean Control Soybean12 g Glycerin3.2 ml Orange Oil2 Drops Syrup, NF2 ml Buffer Solution (pH = 7.0) qs60 ml

7. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Formula 2: Soybean with Tween 20 Soybean12 g Glycerin3.2 ml Orange Oil2 Drops Syrup, NF2 ml Tween 205 ml Buffer Solution (pH = 7.0) qs60 ml

8. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Formula 3: Soybean with Acacia and Gum Tragacanth Soybean12 g Glycerin3.2 ml Orange Oil2 Drops Syrup, NF2 ml Acacia1.5 g Gum Tragacanth0.3 g Buffer Solution (pH = 7.0) qs60 ml

9. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Formula 4: Soybean with Bentonite Magma Soybean12 g Glycerin3.2 ml Orange Oil2 Drops Syrup, NF2 ml BentoniteMagma12 ml Buffer Solution (pH = 7.0) qs60 ml

10. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Results

11. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Control By Time (hrs)

12. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Tween By Time (hrs)

13. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Acacia/Tragacanth By Time (hrs)

14. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Bentonite Magma By Time (hrs) Bentonite By Time (hrs)

15. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Sedimentation Volume (F) Suspension TypeF Value † Control0.74 ± 0.056 Tween 200.68 ± 0.094 Acacia & Gum Tragacanth0.83 ± 0.034 Bentonite Magma0.87 ± 0.024 † Mean ± S.D. (n = 6)

16. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Degree of Flocculation (  ) Suspension Type  Value † Control1.00 Tween 200.98 ± 0.14 Acacia & Gum Tragacanth1.20 ± 0.05 Bentonite Magma1.26 ± 0.03

17. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi † Mean ± S.D. (n = 6)

18. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Calamine Lotion with Soybean

19. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Formula 1: Calamine Lotion Control Calamine4.8 g Zinc Oxide4.8 g Glycerin1.2 ml Lime Water qs ad.60 ml

20. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Formula 2: Calamine Lotion with Bentonite Magma Calamine4.8 g Zinc Oxide4.8 g Glycerin1.2 ml Bentonite Magma24 ml Lime Water qs ad.60 ml

21. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Formula 3: Calamine Lotion with Soybean Calamine4.8 g Zinc Oxide4.8 g Glycerin1.2 ml Soybean Suspension (5%)24 ml Lime Water qs ad.60 ml

22. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Results

23. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Calamine Lotion Control by Time (hrs) Control By Time (hrs)

24. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Calamine Lotion with Bentonite Magma by Time (hrs) Bentonite By Time (hrs)

25. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Calamine Lotion with Soybean by Time (hrs) Soybean By Time (hrs)

26. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Sedimentation Volume (F) Suspension TypeF Value † Control0.39 ± 0.04 Soybean0.23 ± 0.02 Bentonite Magma0.69 ± 0.05 † Mean ± S.D. (n = 6)

27. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Degree of Flocculation (  ) Suspension Type  Value † Control1.00 Soybean0.63 ± 0.03 Bentonite Magma1.84 ± 0.10 † Mean ± S.D. (n = 6)

28. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Soybean suspensions made with different suspending agents showed that bentonite magma produced the best dispersion as compared to the other formulations. This was evident by the settling rate, sedimentation volume (F), and degree of flocculation (  ). Conclusion

29. Campbell University/STEPJames D. Wilson/Antoine Al-Achi Conclusion (Continued) When soybean dispersion (5%) was compared to bentonite magma in the preparation of calamine lotion, bentonite magma produced a much better dispersion than that with soybean. This conclusion was reached based on comparing the settling rate, sedimentation volume, and degree of flocculation of suspensions made by these two agents.