1. Who Can Best Catch a Liar? A Meta-Analysis of Individual Differences in Detecting Deception Michael G. Aamodt & Heather Mitchell Radford University Radford, Virginia

2. Detecting Deception in Police Psychology Criminal investigations –Suspects –Accusers –Witnesses Psych evaluations –Pre-employment –Fitness for duty –Insanity pleas –Competence to stand trial –Threat assessment Employment –Interviews –Reference checking –Internal affairs Courtroom testimony Hostage negotiation Conflict management Political survival

3. Old Ways of Detecting Deception India- Trial by Sacred Ass Arabs - Hot iron to tongue Chinese - Swallow rice flour Hindus - Chew rice and spit Inquisition - Chew and swallow a slice of bread and cheese Judicial torture in Europe King Solomon Source: Jack Annon

4. New Ways of Detecting Deception Electronic Methods –Polygraph –Voice stress analyzer Neurological Methods –Brain fingerprinting –Brain mapping Extreme Methods –Chemicals –TortureCommunication –Actual words used –Paralanguage –Body language

5. General Research Findings People usually detect deception at slightly above chance levels Subjects have a “truth bias” when responding Training can help, but… Having a baseline is essential Listeners are better than interrogators Use of patterns rather than single cues is essential

6. Behavioral Indicators Will Only Be Successful If You have a baseline of behavior There is a consequence for getting caught The response is spontaneous The person does not believe the lie (e.g., Clinton, O.J.) The lie involves a high degree of cognitive complexity Source: Jack Annon

7. Scientific Inquiry Deceiving –Cues used –Individual differences Detecting Deception –Overall accuracy –Conditions affecting accuracy –Effect of training –Cues used –Individual differences in accuracy

8. Study of Deception is International in Nature Sweden –Pär Anders Granhag (Göteborg University) –Leif Strömwall (Göteborg University) –Maria Hartwig (Göteborg University) United Kingdom –Aldert Vrij (University of Portsmouth) –Siegfried Sporer (University of Aberdeen) United States –Bella DePaulo (University of Virginia) –Paul Ekman (University of California, San Francisco) –Charles Bond (Texas Christian University) Canada –Stephen Porter (Dalhousie University)

9. Countries with Studies in Our Meta-Analysis AustraliaCanadaChinaEnglandGermanyIsraelJordanNetherlandsScotlandSweden United States

10. Our Study Conduct a meta-analysis on individual differences in the ability to detect deception Meta-analysis is a statistical review of the literature Individual difference variables –Experience –Confidence –Sex –Personality

11. The Literature Review Goal: Find all relevant studies from 1970-2003 –Others dates included when found –Study had to report correlations or a statistical test or raw data that could be converted into a correlation Method –Computer searches –Bibliography leads –Hand searches of key journals

12. Literature Review Results Volume –76 studies –9,453 subjects Study Date –1960s (2) –1970s (8) –1980s (22) –1990s (26) –2000s (18) Source –Journal articles (67) –Dissertations (7) –Master’s theses (1) –Book chapters (1)

13. Each Meta-Analysis Contains Number of studies (k) Number of officers in the analysis (n) Mean validity coefficient (r) 95% confidence interval % of observed variance explained by sampling error –If < 75% a search for moderators was conducted

14. Are Professionals Better than Students? GroupKN Accuracy % Criminals15265.40 Secret service 13464.12 Psychologists450861.56 Judges219459.01 Cops851155.16 Federal officers 434154.54 Students1228,87654.20 Detectives534151.16 Parole officers 13240.42

15. Problems in Comparing Studies The Stimuli are Different Task –Realism –Consequence of getting caught Stimulus –Length –Number of attempts –View (full body, head, voice only)

16. Is Confidence Related to Accuracy? ConfidenceKNr 95% CI SE% LU Total313,033.06.03.1086% Police Police111,174.02 -.03.08100% Students Students181,747.10.05.15100% Is confidence related to accuracy? Yes Size of the relationship? Small Can we generalize the findings? Yes Cops (k=11) Students (k=17) Other (K=2)

17. Is Experience Related to Accuracy? VariableKNr 95% CI SE% LU Experience8696 -.07 -.14.00100% Is experience related to accuracy? No Size of the relationship? Can we generalize the findings? Yes Cops (k=7) Students (k=1) Other (K=0)

18. Is Age Related to Accuracy? VariableKNr 95% CI SE% LU Age8862 -.02 -.08.05100% Is age related to accuracy? No Size of the relationship? Can we generalize the findings? Yes Cops (k=5) Students (k=2) Other (K=1)

19. Is Sex Related to Accuracy? SexKNd 95% CI SE% LU Overall151,451.06 -.06.1917% Law Enforcement Law Enforcement3144.63.46.46.8133% Students Students121,307.00 -.09.0938% Is sex related to accuracy? No Size of the relationship? Can we generalize the findings? No Cops (k=3) Students (k=10) Other (K=2) Note: A positive “d” indicates men were more accurate than women

20. Is Personality Related to Accuracy? Too few studies to determine –Openness (k=1) –Conscientiousness (k=1) –Extraversion (k=4 related, 2 on extraversion) –Agreeableness (k=2) –Neuroticism (k=2) –Other (k=7)

21. Analyses Still to be Conducted Track down a few missing studies Investigate moderators for Accuracy Rates –Medium (audio, visual, written) –Visual cue (face, body, legs) –Presence of a baseline –Number of segments viewed Enhance database for sex differences –Contact recent authors for more info Explore truth vs. lie accuracy –Actual difference –Role of truth bias and/or context

22. Questions? Michael G. Aamodt, Ph.D. Department of Psychology Radford University Radford, VA 24142-6946 (540) 831-5513 maamodt@radford.edu www.radford.edu/~maamodt

23. Citation Information for this Presentation Aamodt, M. G., & Mitchell, H.. (2004, October). Who can best catch a liar? A meta-analysis of individual differences in detecting deception. Paper presented at the annual Meeting of the Society for Police and Criminal Psychology, Rome, Italy.