1. Digestive System of Animals Animal Science Frameworks Presentation Unit 3.1 Mr. Sullivan

2. Digestion Purpose: reduce feed particles to molecules that can be absorbed into the blood Mechanical breakdown of food –chewing Chemical breakdown of food –HCl in the stomach –enzymes Contractions of digestive tract

3. Animals are classified by the types of food they ingest Carnivore - animal products –Dogs, Cats Herbivore - plant products –Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Horses Omnivore - combination of plant and animal products –humans, pigs

4. Animals are also classified by the type of stomach they have Monogastrics or non-ruminants Ruminants

5. Monogastric Animals Monogastric – one or simple stomach structure mostly carnivores and omnivores »Very simple: mink and dog »Cecal digestion: horse, rabbit or rat »Sacculated stomach : kangaroo

6. Ruminant Animals Ruminant - 4 compartment stomach with the compartments before the “true” stomach herbivores »cattle, sheep, goats and pseudoruminants (llamas)

7. Digestion Prehension –Bringing the food to the mouth Upper limbs, head, beak, claws, mouth, teeth and lips Mastication or chewing –To crush the food, increase surface area and allow enzymes to act on molecules Carnivores need only to reduce the size of the particle Herbivores must chew continuously (40-50,000 times a day)

8. Monogastric Animal Digestive Tract Basic anatomy mouth stomach small intestine large intestine or colon

9. Monogastric Animal Digestive Tract Feed passes from the mouth to the stomach through the esophagus To reduce the size of the feed particles From the stomach it passes through the – duodenum (first part of the small intestine) Bile and pancreatic secretions enter here – jejunum (second part of the small intestine) Absorption of nutrients – ileum (third part of the small intestine) To split food molecules and absorb nutrients

10. Monogastric Animal Digestive Tract Large Intestine water absorption feces formation Rectum

11. Human and Pig Similarities Both are omnivores Cannot synthesize B complex vitamins Cannot synthesize amino acids Can become obese with increased food intake

12. Monogastric Animal Digestive Tract Exceptions –herbivores horses have a cecum (blind anterior end of the colon) where feed is fermented –Cecum is posterior to optimum feed absorption area, thus advantages of the ruminant animal is lost

13. Enzymes of the Digestive Tract Enzyme names often end in -ase and begin with a description of the substrate they act upon

14. Enzymes of the Digestive Tract EnzymeSubstrateProduct AmylaseStarchDextrin, Disaccharides ChymotrypsinPeptidesAmino Acid Peptides LactaseLactoseGlucose galactose

15. Enzymes of the Digestive Tract EnzymeSubstrateProduct LipaseLipidsFatty acids glycerides PepsinProteinpolypeptide PeptidasePeptidesamino acid SucraseSucroseglucose TrypsinProteinpolypeptide

16. Monogastric Digestion Enzymes help breakdown large molecules –Mouth amylase in saliva of humans and pigs breaks down starch to disaccharides and dextrin –Stomach HCl - creates acidic environment pepsin - breaks proteins down polypeptides

17. Monogastric Digestion Enzymes help breakdown large molecules –duodenum Cells release hormones that act on pancreas and gall bladder –secretin –pancreozymin –cholecystokinin

18. Monogastric Digestion pancreas –lipase lipids to fatty acids and glycerides –trypsin proteins to polypeptides –chymotrypsin peptides to amino acids and peptides –amylase starch to disaccharides and dextrin

19. Monogastric Digestion gall bladder –bile produced in the liver emulsifies fats alkaline to neutralize stomach contents that are acidic small intestine –amino acids, fatty acids and monosaccharides are available for absorption

20. Ruminant Digestion mouth esophagus rumen reticulum omasum abomasum small intestine large intestine

21. Ruminant Digestion rumen - 40 gallons in a cow –large fermentation vat –covered with papillae to increase the surface area –microorganisms digest cellulose –microorganisms synthesize amino acids from nonprotein nitrogen –microorganisms synthesize B-complex vitamins

22. Ruminant Digestion reticulum - 2 gallons in a cow –lining looks like a honeycomb –interacts with rumen to mix contents

23. Ruminant Digestion omasum - 4 gallons in a cow –many folds, perhaps to grind feed

24. Ruminant Digestion abomasum - 4 gallons in a cow –true stomach

25. Ruminant Digestion Ruminants eat forage rapidly –they regurgitate food (cud) –and chew it again and swallowed Rumination - continuous reguritation, chewing and swallowing Eructation - elimination of gases (methane and carbon dioxide) in the rumen from fermentation

26. Rumen Microorganisms Bacteria and Protozoa –rumen environment is moist, warm, and provides a constant supply of nutrients –entire population of organisms depending on the kind and quality of the feed –when they are washed out of the omasum into the abomasum the acidic environment kills the microorganisms –provide amino acids and some energy

27. Ruminant Digestion Ruminants to not secrete amylase in their saliva bacteria and protozoa in the rumen and reticulum utilize starches and sugars- no glucose available for the ruminant –microorganisms do produce volatile fatty acids (VFA) that are absorbed and converted to energy acetic, propionic and butyric acids major source of energy

28. Energy Pathways in the Ruminant From Rumen to Abomasum Injestion materials Cellulose Starch Fat Complex Sugars Glucose VFAs

29. Energy Pathways in the Ruminant Liver VFAs Glucose

30. Ruminant and Monogastric Absorption in the small intestine passive transport –diffusion by concentration active transport –villi engulf molecules to bloodstream or lymph system

31. Rumen Microorganisms Bacteria and Protozoa –rumen environment is moist, warm, and provides a constant supply of nutrients –entire population of organisms depending on the kind and quality of the feed –when they are washed out of the omasum into the abomasum the acidic environment kills the microorganisms –provide amino acids and some energy