1. Digestion In a Ruminant, monogastric
Examples of Ruminant’s:
Cow
Sheep, Goat.

2. Nutrition
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Assimilation
Egestion

3. Ingestion
The physical intake of food into the mouth
Lips & Tongue

4. Digestion
The physical & chemical break down of food, physically by the teeth & mechanical action of the stomach & chemically by enzymes.
Digestion occurs in the mouth, the stomach & the small intestine

5. Digestion in the Mouth
Cows & sheep move their jaws in round circular grinding action.
Salivary Glands- produce saliva to break down starch to maltose
100 Litres/Day saliva Cattle

6. DENTAL FORMULAs Cow & Sheep I(0/4), C (0/0), P (3/3), M (3/3)
PIG I(3/3), C (1/1), P (4/4), M (3/3)
0033
4033
3143

7. Chemical Digestion in the mouth

8. Digestion
Mouth
Oesophagus/Food pipe- PERISALYSIS is the muscular wave like action that moves food along the alimentary canal.

9. Ruminants Stomach
4 Compartments
Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum

10. Draw
this

11. THE RUMEN Largest Compartment
Contains Millions of Micro– organisms to break down cellulose
The bacteria in the rumen release enzymes which break down the cellulose, they also make protein.
Make vitamin K
Amino Acids are made
Symbiotic Relationship. Both benefit from existing

12. THE RETICULUM Honey Combed
Chew the cud- repeated regurgitation & chewing of the contents of the rumen. Returns to mouth
Collects Pebbles, etc that were accidentally swallowed
Mastication
Cud is reswallowed and enters the omasum

13. The OMASUM Spherical Book
Presses & squeezes the food which helps the physical digestion of food.
Water is reabsorbed & the solid part is passed into the abomasum

14. ABOMASUM True Stomach Gastric juice HCL- kills bacteria
Digestive enzymes –
Pepsinogen breaks -proteins to peptides
Rennin- digests milk protein- important in calves
Mucus to prevent self digestion

15. The Small Intestine Duodenum, Jejunum ileum,
The semi –digested food now leaves the stomach by the pyloric sphincter muscle into the small intestine –the duodenum.
Bile & pancreatic juice is added here
Liver secretes Bile (ph8) breaks down fat & neutralizes the acid from the stomach
Pancreatic juice – amylase, lipase (fats to fatty acids, trypsin (proteins to peptides)
Intestinal juices (final digestion – sucrase, lactase (glucose and galactose, maltase (maltose –glucose)

16. Absorption Small intestine has villi
These increase the surface area for absorption.
Rich supply of blood vessels
Lacteal – capillaries of the lymphatic system
Fatty acids are absorbed into lacteals- reconvert into lipids
Glucose, amino acids, vitamins, salts water are absorbed into the capillaries in the villi

17. Large Intestine Colon reabsorbs water Diarrhoea Constipation Caecum
Appendix
Colon
Rectum
Anus

18. Egestion Removal of waste Removes unabsorbed material Stored in rectum
Eliminated as Faeces
Defecation through the anus

19. The Liver-Its Functions
Makes RBC’s
Regulates body Temperature
Produces bile
Detoxifies the body
Deamination
Stores vitamins
Controls lipid levels by sending excess lipids to adipose tissue as storage
Controls blood sugar levels

21. Monogastric Stomach In humans and pigs cellulose is called Roughage!
Cannot be
digested

22. Diet of Monogastric v Ruminant
Non-roughage
Balanced ration – high protein, vitamin A, D & minerals (iron)
Wide variety of materials in ration to make up concentrated ration
Ruminant
Roughage
Grazed out doors- grass- high quality grass =complete food
Less variety of materials in ration

23. Calf Digestive System Must be fed colostrum-defence
At birth, the calf's digestion system is not yet developed.
Of the four compartments, only the abomasum functions The calf is therefore dependent on milk as a nutrient source. From its third week, the calf should be fed solid feed, i.e. concentrates, hay and silage. The calf should also have access to clean water 24 hours a day.
As soon as the calf is eating regularly, the milk ration can gradually be reduced. If the milk ration is reduced slowly, and solid feeds are fed together with clean water, the calf will steadily develop into a ruminant.

25. Feeding Calves to Develop Stomach

26. Calf Digestion V Adult Digestion
Milk
Colostrum
Hay pencils
More protein
Ration
Bacteria for rumen
Minerals
Vitamins O
Grass, hay/silage
Less prptein
Cellulose
High quality/high
Minerals
No vitamins

28. Digestive Tract of Chicken
Mouth/Beak
gather and break down feed (no teeth
Oesophagus
tube from mouth to stomach that is open at the mouth end
Crop
Stores Food and moistening
Proventriculus
Secretes Digestive Juices
(HCI and gastric juices); enzymatic

29. Gizzard Large Intestine Small Intestine bacterial activity
muscular stomach; mechanical breakdown (grinds food). Contains gravel, grit which along with the muscles grinds up food.
Small Intestine
enzymatic digestion and absorption
Functions of the small intestine: digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; absorption of the end products of digestion
Enzymes in the small intestine
Large Intestine
bacterial activity
water absorption
waste storage
25-30 eliminations a day due to high metabolism.

30. Digestion in a horse Herbivores Hind gut fermenters Monogastric
So is the rabbit... (Coprophagy)
To digest cellulose..
They have long intestines and micro organisms in their hind gut.
Large intestine and appendix is very important to digest cellulose
They use micro organisms in their caecum to ferment and digest cellulose

32. Layout on his back Open digestive cavity By making cuts Display
Dissection of a RABBIT
Layout on his back
Open digestive cavity
By making cuts
Display