2. What is in the food you eat? A look at food molecules, the energy they provide, and how they’re broken down

3. How is Energy in Food Measured? calorie – the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1˚C The greater the number of calories in a quantity of food, the more energy it contains.

4. How is Energy in Food Measured? Calorie = 1,000 calories. This is the unit that appears on food labels.

5. Carbohydrates Function: body’s primary fuel source Energy: 1 gram of carbohydrates = 4 Calories energy Broken down into: simple sugars Broken down by: amylase, sucrase, maltase, lactase Broken down in the: –mouth (amylase produced by salivary glands) –small intestine (sucrase, maltase, lactase, pancreatic amylase) Sources: grains, pasta, table sugar, bread, potatoes, fruits Examples: Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

6. Carbohydrates Glucose – monosaccharide Lactose, maltose, and sucrose (table sugar) – disaccharides Starch and cellulose (fiber) – polysaccharides

7. Carbohydrates Excess carbohydrates are stored in the liver as glycogen. Glycogen is broken back down into glucose when the body needs energy. The remainder of excess glucose is converted to fat.

8. Fiber (cellulose) Indigestible (not digested) component of cell walls and found in all foods that come from plants. Does not provide any energy, because we do not have the enzymes to digest it. Aids in human digestion by stimulating walls of the digestive tract to secrete mucus, which helps food pass through more easily. You want to eat this if your constipated!

9. Chew on This! 90 lbs of table sugar are consumed by the average person each year!

10. Chew on This! 90 lbs of table sugar are consumed by the average person each year!

11. Proteins Function: major structural component for living tissue, enzymes, hormones, antibodies are proteins Energy: 1 gram of proteins = 4 Calories energy Broken down into: amino acids Broken down by: pepsin and pancreatic protease Broken down in the: –Stomach (pepsin) and the small intestine (protease) Sources: eggs, milk, fish, poultry, beef Examples: 20 amino acids in all

12. Proteins 12 amino acids can be synthesized (made) by body 8 amino acids must be eaten (essential amino acids) Greek word proteios – “of prime importance”

13. Lipids (fats) Function: energy storage, and formation of cell membranes, hormones Energy: 1 gram of lipids = 9 Calories energy Broken down into: fatty acids and glycerol Broken down by: pancreatic lipase Broken down in the: small intestine Sources: meats, butter, fried foods, oils Examples: saturated and unsaturated

14. Many Americans get too many fats! Saturated fats (animal fat) –Solid at room temperature –Can lead to Cardiovascular disease Unsaturated fats (plants oils) –Liquid at room temperature –Much healthier for you!

15. What is Trans Fat? Trans-fatty acids are manufactured fats created during a process called hydrogenation. They may be particularly dangerous for the heart and may pose a risk for certain cancers. They are used in stick margarine, fast foods, commercial baked goods, processed foods, and fried foods.

16. Its No Longer a Pyramid! Before you eat, think about what goes on your plate or in your cup or bowl. My daughter asks me, “Will this help my hair grow?” She wants to have long hair like Rapunzel!

17. Digestive Enzymes

18. Energy Balance Excess calories that you take in will be stored as fat, and you will gain weight. If you use more calories than you take in, energy will be obtained from body fat, and you will lose weight. This is all determined by diet and overall physical activity.

19. Vitamins Organic compounds required in trace amounts for normal metabolic functioning Must be obtained from food –except Vitamin D. The body can synthesize it with adequate amounts of sunlight Fat soluble (A, D, E, K) can be stored in body fat Water soluble (all others) must be obtained daily

20. Vitamins

24. Minerals Naturally occurring inorganic substances that are used to make certain body structures and substances. Must be replaced on a daily basis Examples: –Calcium and phosphorus – teeth and bones –Iron – in hemoglobin –Magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, and zinc – regulate nerves and muscles Humans obtain minerals from directly eating plants or eating the animals that have eaten the plants.

25. Minerals

26. Health of the Digestive System Basal metabolic rate – amount of energy you burn just to stay alive. –Depends on: Age, exercise, genetics Extra calories stored as glycogen in the liver and then as fat (if still too many) 3500 Calories = to burn 1 pound of body fat

27. Eating Disorders Anorexia – a person refuses to eat and/or over exercises Bulimia – a person overeats and then purges by vomiting or use of laxatives

28. Eating Disorders

29. Diseases of the Digestive System A variety of diseases can come from improperly prepared food –Salmonella –E. coli –Hepatitis –Trichinosis (parasitic worm from pork)