1. SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENTS
CHAPTER 2

2. UNIT OBJECTIVES: Students will:
Review metric measurements
Demonstrate proper metric measurement techniques
Investigate ingredient content and affect of ingredients on chewing gum

3. USING MEASUREMENTS
Accurate measurements must be taken to have a successful experiment.
The student must identify a system of measurements to be used.
Metric versus Standard
Determine what you are trying to measure.
Mass – the amount of matter in an object.
Length – distance between two points
Volume – amount of space occupied by an object
Determine which method will give you the most accurate results.

4. MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
System International, SI units, Metric system
STANDARD SYSTEM
TYPE
NAME
SYMBOL
Mass
Gram G
Length
Meter M
Volume
Liter L
Time
Second S
Temperature
Celsius degree ‘C
TYPE
NAME
SYMBOL
EQUIPMENT USED
Mass
Pounds, ounces
lb, #, oz,
Dry measuring cups
Length
Inches, feet, miles
In, ft, mi
Ruler
Volume
Fluid ounces, cup, pint, quart, gallon
fl. oz, c, pt, qt, gal
Liquid measuring cups
Time
Second, minute, hour
s, min., hr.
Clock
Temperature
Fahrenheit degree ‘F
thermometer

5. HOW TO MEASURE MASS Mass-the amount of matter in an object
Will often have to use a container
(Use something light weight)
Use digital scales
Must subtract the weight of the container (taring)
or zeroing the scale.
Mass the container, then mass the substance and the container. Subtract the mass of the container to find out the mass of the substance.

6. How to Measure Length Length-the distance between two points
Use a ruler
Place an object between two vertical surfaces, notate the location of the ends of the object and measure between the end points.

7. How to Measure Volume Volume-the amount of space occupied by an object
Cube (l x w x h)
Liquids measured by volume (ounces, liters)
Measure liquids in clear containers with graduated scales
Measure to the bottom of the meniscus (the curve
at the surface of the liquid)

8. How to Measure Time You may use one of the following:
a second hand timer on a watch
the clock
The stove minute timer
or ask the teacher to use your cell phone.

9. How to Measure Temperature
SI unit (metric) is Celsius notated ‘C,
(Most recipes use Fahrenheit degrees, ‘F.)
(Stoves measure in Fahrenheit degrees, ‘F.)
Celsius – 0’C is freezing and 100’C is boiling
Fahrenheit – 32’F is freezing and 212’F is the boiling point
C’ = (5/9) x (degree F’ – 32)

10. CHEWING GUM LAB IS NEXT

11. Experiment 2a - balancing chewing gum OBJECTIVE:
OBJECTIVE:
Scientific procedures require accuracy and consistency. The student will :
become familiar with the electronic balance (scale) and how to use it.
EQUIPMENT:
Electronic balance (scale)
1- stick regular chewing gum per lab member
1-stick sugar-free chewing gum per lab member

12. PRE-LAB and POST LAB
Copy each of the questions that follow and prepare the charts as directed. Read each question and in the left column predict the results. In the right column, record your data and findings.
PROCEDURE:
1. Become familiar with the electronic scale
2. Use the gum wrapper as weighing paper. Tare (weigh) the gum wrapper.
3. Mass the regular gum. Record the mass in the data table (see example below).

13. 4. Chew the gum for TWO minutes. (Watch the clock closely for accuracy.)
5. Place the chewed gum on the weighing paper and mass it. Record the mass in your data table.
 6. Subtract the mass of the chewed gum from the original mass of the gum and record the difference.
7. Repeat the above procedures with the sugar-free gum. Record all your data in the chart.
QUESTIONS:
1. Which type of gum will have a greater loss of mass after chewing?

14. Will there be a difference in texture between the two types of gum
Will there be a difference in texture between the two types of gum? If so, describe it?
3. What substance causes the loss of mass and difference of texture during chewing?   
Given that sugar has 4 calories per gram, how many calories would you estimate are in a stick of gum?

15. How does your answer compare to the nutrition label on the gum package?
6. What substance might cause the gain or loss of mass after chewing?

16. GUM TYPE MASS BEFORE CHEWING MASS AFTER CHEWING MASS LOST/GAINED
LAB DATA:
Tare of the gum wrapper:
GUM TYPE
MASS BEFORE CHEWING
MASS AFTER CHEWING
MASS LOST/GAINED
REGULAR GUM
SUGAR-FREE GUM

17. SUGAR-FREE GUM REGULAR GUM
LIST OF INGREDIENTS
SUGAR-FREE GUM
REGULAR GUM
Sorbital, gum base, glycerol, mannitol, natural and artificial flavors, hydrogenated starch hydrolysate, less than 2% of aspartame, acesulfame K, soy lecithin, BHT (to maintain freshness), colors (turmeric, blue 1 lake). Pheylketonurics, contains phenylalanine.
Sugar, gum base, dextrose, corn syrups, natural and artificial flavors, less than 2% of glycerol, aspartame, gum arabic, soy lecithin, acesulfame K, color (titanium dioxide, blue 1 lake, beta-carotene), BHT (to maintain freshness). Pheylketonurics, contains phenylalanine.

18. SUGAR-FREE GUM REGULAR GUM
NUTRITION FACTS
SUGAR-FREE GUM
REGULAR GUM
Serving Size: 1 stick (2.7 g)
Amount per serving
Calories
Total Fat g
Sodium g
Total Carbohydrate g
Sugars g
Sugar Alcohol 2 g
Protein g
Calories

19. CONCLUSION
An interpretation of the data using graphs, charts, or paragraphs.
Explains the data collected.
Uses words like: ‘since’, ‘because’, ‘the reason
I know this is . . .’
Points out supporting or opposing facts.
May explain problems encountered during the experiment.

20. GUM EXPERIMENT CONCLUSION
Make a one or two sentence statement relating your predictions, your facts and your conclusions from the experiment.