1. Variable Neighborhood Search for the Orienteering Problem ISCIS’06 –The 21st International Symposium on Computer and Information Sciences F. Erdoğan SEVİLGEN Gebze Institute of Technology Department of Computer Engineering Zülal ŞEVKLİ Fatih University Department of Computer Engineering

2. VNS for the Orienteering Problem-ISCIS'06 Nov 1-2-3 2 OUTLINE  Defitiniton of the Problem  Literature Review  Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS)  VNS for Orienteering Problem  Experimental Results  Conclusion

3. VNS for the Orienteering Problem-ISCIS'06 Nov 1-2-3 3 Definition of the Problem  The Orienteering Problem (OP) is a subset selection version of well-known Traveling Salesman Problem.  The objective of the OP is to construct a path starting at an origin and ending at a destination that maximizes the total profit without violating prescribed limits.

4. VNS for the Orienteering Problem-ISCIS'06 Nov 1-2-3 4 Graphical Representation of the OP Score of the point Start and end points Distance Limit=15 MaxScore=120 Distance=14.95

5. VNS for the Orienteering Problem-ISCIS'06 Nov 1-2-3 5 OUTLINE  Defitiniton of the Problem  Literature Review  Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS)  VNS for Orienteering Problem  Experimental Results  Conclusion

6. VNS for the Orienteering Problem-ISCIS'06 Nov 1-2-3 6 Literature Review  Heuristic methods  Meta-heuristic methods

7. VNS for the Orienteering Problem-ISCIS'06 Nov 1-2-3 7 Literature Review  Exact methods

8. VNS for the Orienteering Problem-ISCIS'06 Nov 1-2-3 8 OUTLINE  Defitiniton of the Problem  Literature Review  Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS)  VNS for Orienteering Problem  Experimental Results  Conclusion

9. VNS for the Orienteering Problem-ISCIS'06 Nov 1-2-3 9 Variable Neighborhood Search Procedure VNS Define neighborhood structures N k (k=1,...,k max ) Generate initial solution s Є S while stopping condition is not met do k  1 while k ≤ k max do s’  Shake(s), s’ Є N k (s) s”  LocalSearch(s’), s” Є S if (Fitness(s”) < Fitness(s)) s  s” k  1 else k  k+1 end-while End-Procedure

10. VNS for the Orienteering Problem-ISCIS'06 Nov 1-2-3 10 Variable Neighborhood Search N k1 N k2 N k3 Shaking Initial Solution Local Search This prosedure continues until a stopping condition is met. -maximum CPU time allowed, maximum number of iterations or maximum number of iterations between two improvements.

11. VNS for the Orienteering Problem-ISCIS'06 Nov 1-2-3 11 Variations of VNS Procedure VNS Define neighborhood structures N k (k=1,...,kmax) Generate initial solution s S while stopping condition is not met do k  1 while k ≤ kmax do s’  Shake(s), s’ N k (s) s”  LocalSearch(s’), s” S if (Fitness(s”) < Fitness(s)) s  s” k  1 else k  k+1 end-while End-Procedure Variable Neighborhood Descent (VND) In VND, shaking phase is removed from VNS so that the algorithm explores local optima by using neighborhood structures only. VND can be used as a part of VNS in the local search phase Reduced Variable Neighborhood Search (RVNS) RVNS use only shaking phase while exploring the solutions. RVNS is useful for problems where local search is expensive

12. VNS for the Orienteering Problem-ISCIS'06 Nov 1-2-3 12 OUTLINE  Defitiniton of the Problem  Literature Review  Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS)  VNS for Orienteering Problem  Experimental Results  Conclusion

13. VNS for the Orienteering Problem-ISCIS'06 Nov 1-2-3 13 VNS for the Orienteering Problem  Problem Representation –Permutation of the control points not including the origin and the destination. –Feasible OP solution from a permutation, the points are inserted between the origin and destination one by one starting from the first point in the permutation until a prescribed cost limit is exceeded. Let problem size is 9 Dis.Lmt=10 3 4 7 1 2 6 5 permutation 1234567 347 Feasible solution 08 08 The first algorithm solely based on VNS to solve the OP

14. VNS for the Orienteering Problem-ISCIS'06 Nov 1-2-3 14 VNS for the Orienteering Problem  Neighborhood Structures –Insert –Exchange 3471265 A control point outside the solution can be inserted into the solution. The position of a control point inside the solution can be changed to another location inside the solution. The position of a control point outside of the solution can be changed. This operation does not change the current solution but may affect the results of subsequent operations. A control point inside the solution can be deleted from the solution 34715 62 Two control points in the solution can be swapped Two control points outside of the solution are swapped. A control point in the solution can be swapped with a control point outside of the solution. This operation is like performing a deletion followed by an insertion at the same position

15. VNS for the Orienteering Problem-ISCIS'06 Nov 1-2-3 15 VNS for the Orienteering Problem  Neighborhood Structures –Path insert –Path exchange 34715 62 34715 62

16. VNS for the Orienteering Problem-ISCIS'06 Nov 1-2-3 16 VNS for the Orienteering Problem  Variations of VNS for the OP

17. VNS for the Orienteering Problem-ISCIS'06 Nov 1-2-3 17 OUTLINE  Defitiniton of the Problem  Literature Review  Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS)  VNS for Orienteering Problem  Experimental Results  Conclusion

18. VNS for the Orienteering Problem-ISCIS'06 Nov 1-2-3 18 Experimental Results  All three variations of VNS algorithm –implemented in Borland C –performed on an Intel P4 2.6 GHz PC with 512 MB memory –tested 107 benchmark problems in the literature  Problems are provided by Tsiligirides [23], 32 points (dataset 1 includes 18 problems), 21 points (dataset 2 includes 11 problems), 33 points(dataset 3 includes 20 problems)  Problems are provided by Chao [3] 32 points(dataset 1 includes 18 problems), 66 points(dataset 5 includes 26 problems) 64 points(dataset 6 includes 14 problems)

19. VNS for the Orienteering Problem-ISCIS'06 Nov 1-2-3 19 Experimental Results  Each problem is run 10 times  Results are compared based on –computational time (CPU), –relative percentage error (RPE) –average relative percentage error (ARPE) RPE is the error in the best solution in all repetitions with respect to the best known solution. It indicates whether an algorithm finds the best known solution throughout the repetitions ARPE is the average error of all the solutions in the repetitions. ARPE specifying the robustness of an algorithm, will be smaller if more repetitions find good solutions

20. VNS for the Orienteering Problem-ISCIS'06 Nov 1-2-3 20 Experimental Results -RVNS is the fastest method. -RVNS could not find the best known solution for several problems. -Robustness of RVNS is poorer than robustness of the competitors -VNSwithVND and VNSwithRVNS produce the best known solution for all problems. -The computational time of VNSwithVND is much larger than the others -VNSwithRVNS achieves the best RPE and ARPE values and comparably good computational time. -Therefore, it can be claimed that it is the best method among the others.

21. VNS for the Orienteering Problem-ISCIS'06 Nov 1-2-3 21 Experimental Results  The results obtained from VNSwithRVNS are also compared with the results in literature for datasets 5 and 6.  Better results have been observed for 11 problems in total

22. VNS for the Orienteering Problem-ISCIS'06 Nov 1-2-3 22 OUTLINE  Defitiniton of the Problem  Literature Review  Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS)  VNS for Orienteering Problem  Experimental Results  Conclusion

23. VNS for the Orienteering Problem-ISCIS'06 Nov 1-2-3 23 Conclusion  Proposes VNS for solving the OP problem and examines the performance of our approaches based on solution quality and execution time.  VNSwithVND and RVNS and one which is the combination of VNS and RVNS are implemented and tested on 107 benchmark problems.  VNSwithRVNS outperforms other two methods and it finds the best known solution for all the problems and improves the best solution for 11 benchmark problems.

24. VNS for the Orienteering Problem-ISCIS'06 Nov 1-2-3 24 Conclusion VNSwith RVNS CPU √ RPE √ ARPE √ VNSwith RVNS VNSwith VND CPU √ RPE √ √ ARPE √ √  Proposes VNS for solving the OP problem and examines the performance of our approaches based on solution quality and execution time.  VNSwithRVNS outperforms other two methods and it finds the best known solution for all the problems and improves the best solution for 11 benchmark problems.

25. VNS for the Orienteering Problem-ISCIS'06 Nov 1-2-3 25 Thanks ?