1. Connecting Areas and ways of knowing

2. Theories of Emotion The major theories of motivation can be grouped into three main categories: physiological, neurological, and cognitive. Physiological theories suggest that responses within the body are responsible for emotions. Neurological theories propose that activity within the brain leads to emotional responses. Finally, cognitive theories argue that thoughts and other mental activity play an essential role in the formation of emotions. THEORIES OF EMOTION

3. e·mo·tion i ˈ mōSH ə n/ noun noun: emotion; plural noun: emotions 1. a natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others. 2. The term emotion usually is distinguished from feelings, mood, and affect. 1. Feeling: the subjective experience associated with an emotion. 2. Mood: an emotional state that is general and extended in time. 3. Affect: encompasses feelings and mood and categories of emotion (e.g., positive or negative WHAT IS EMOTION?

4. The James-Lange Theory of Emotion The James-Lange theory is one of the best- known examples of a physiological theory of emotion. Independently proposed by psychologist William James and physiologist Carl Lange, the James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events.James-Lange theoryWilliam James According to this theory, you see an external stimulus that leads to a physiological reaction. Your emotional reaction is dependent upon how you interpret those physical reactions. For example, suppose you are walking in the woods and you see a grizzly bear. You begin to tremble and your heart begins to race. The James-Lange theory proposes that you will interpret your physical reactions and conclude that you are frightened ("I am trembling, therefore I am afraid"). Example: A person sees a spider and regards it as dangerous. According to the James–Lange theory, the person would begin to shake and then experience the shaking behavior as fear: “I feel afraid because I am shaking” JAMES- LANGE

5. The Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Another well-know physiological theory is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion. This theory states that we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling and muscle tension simultaneously. More specifically, it is suggested that emotions result when the thalamus sends a message to the brain in response to a stimulus, resulting in a physiological reaction.Cannon-Bard theory of emotion Example: A person sees a spider. According to the Cannon–Bard theory, the person would begin to shake and simultaneously appraise the shaking behavior as fear: “The spider makes me shake and feel afraid” CANNON- BARD

6. Schachter-Singer Theory Also known as the two-factor theory of emotion, the Schachter-Singer Theory is an example of a cognitive theory of emotion. This theory suggests that the physiological arousal occurs first, and then the individual must identify the reason behind this arousal in order to experience and label it as an emotion.two-factor theory of emotion Example: A person sees a spider. According to two-factor theory, the person, who believes spiders are dangerous, begins to shake and appraises the shaking as fear: “I label my shaking as fear because I appraised the situation as dangerous” ( SCHACHTER- SINGER

7. EXPRESSIONMOTION CUES PSEUDO-MUSCLES USED Happiness raising and lowering of mouth corners 6 linear muscles Sadness lowering of mouth corners raise inner portion of brows 6 linear muscles Surprise brows arch eyes open wide to expose more white jaw drops slightly 3 linear muscles Fear brows raised eyes open mouth opens slightly 5 linear muscles 1 sphincter for the mouth Disgust upper lip is raised nose bridge is wrinkled cheeks raised 6 linear muscles Anger brows lowered lips pressed firmly eyes bulging 4 linear muscles 1 sphincter for the mouth How do you read this? 6 BASIC EMOTIONS SHARED BY HUMANS

8. dispositional envy scale (des) Respond to the statements below using the following scale: 1 = strongly disagree 2 = moderately disagree 3 = neither agree nor disagree 4 = moderately agree 5 = strongly agree _____ 1. I feel envy every day. _____ 2. The bitter truth is that I generally feel inferior to others. _____ 3. Feelings of envy constantly torment me. _____ 4. It is so frustrating to see some people succeed so easily. _____ 5. No matter what I do, envy always plagues me. _____ 6. I am troubled by feelings of inadequacy. _____ 7. It somehow doesn’t seem fair that some people seem to have all the talent. _____ 8. Frankly, the success of my neighbors makes me resent them. THE SURVEY FOR THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITY

9. Have you ever engaged in the following jealous or envious behaviors: Have they ever called a boyfriend/girlfriend unexpectedly just to see if he or she was there? Extensively questioned a boyfriend/girlfriend about previous or present romantic relationships? Listened in on a telephone conversation of a boyfriend/girlfriend or secretly followed him or her? Taken advantage of unplanned opportunities to look through a boyfriend’s/girlfriend’s belongings for unfamiliar names, phone numbers, etc.? Have you ever made nasty comments about someone who is better liked by friends... who had possessions they wished to have... who was more attractive... who was more successful. Discuss with them how common they believe these actions to be among people of different ages and genders. INFO FOR THE DES ACTIVITY