1. Early African Societies & The Bantu Migrations (2)
Early Agricultural Society
in Africa
Climatic Change & the
Development of Agriculture
Early Sudanic Agriculture
Climatic Change
The Nile River Valley
The Nile Valley
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller

2. Early African Societies
Early Agricultural Society in Africa
Egypt and Nubia:
“Gifts of the Nile”
Early Agriculture in the
Nile Valley
Political Organization
The Nile Valley, B.C.E.
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller

3. Early African Societies
The Unification of Egypt
The Archaic Period
& the Old Kingdom
Relations Between Egypt & Nubia
The Early Kingdom of Kush
The Narmer Palatte
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Dr. C. Keller

4. First Old Kingdom Pyramid, step Pyramid of Djoser ~ Saqqara
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Dr. C. Keller

5. Pyramid of Khufu ~ The Great Pyramid
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Dr. C. Keller

6. Original Entrance Shaft
Forced Entrance Tunnel
NO Climbing sign
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Dr. C. Keller

7. The Great Sphinx ~ Old Kingdom Guard
Sphinx ~ 240 ‘ long, 66 ‘ high
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Dr. C. Keller

8. Early African Societies
Sources From The Past: Harkhuf’s Expedition to Nubia
“The majesty of [Pharoah] Mernere, my lord, sent me together with my father. . .to [the Nubian kingdom] of Yam to open the way to that country. I did it in seven months; I brought from it all kinds of beautiful and rare gifts, and was praised for it greatly…”
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller

9. Early African Societies
Sources From The Past: Harkhuf’s Expeditions to Nubia
“When you arrive at the residence and this pygmy is with you live, hale and healthy, my majesty will do great things for you, more than was done for the [royal official] Bawerded in the time pf King Isesi, in accordance with my majesty’s wish to see this pygmy.”
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller

10. Early African Societies
Imperial Egypt
Turmoil & Empire
The Middle Kingdom
The Hyksos
The New Kingdom
Egyptian Imperialism
The Revived Kingdom
of Kush
Imperial Egypt, B.C.E.
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller

11. Early African Societies
The Formation of Complex Societies and Sophisticated Cultural Traditions
The Emergence of Cities and Stratified Societies
Cities of the Nile Valley
Social Classes
Patriarchal Society
Imperial Egypt, B.C.E.
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller

12. Early African Societies
The Formation of Complex Societies and Sophisticated Cultural Traditions
Economic Specialization and Trade
Bronze Metallurgy
Iron Metallurgy
Transportation
Trade Networks
Imperial Egypt, B.C.E.
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller

13. Early African Societies
The Formation of Complex Societies and Sophisticated Cultural Traditions
Early Writing in the Nile Valley
Hieroglyphic Writing
Education
Meroitic Writing
Imperial Egypt, B.C.E.
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller

14. Hieroglyphs “Sacred Writings” Preserved on papyrus, made from reeds
Simplified form: hieratic script, 2600 BCE-600 CE
Rosetta Stone, discovered 1799
Hieroglyphs
Demotic (“popular”)
Greek
Pictographs
Meroitic language recorded in alphabet after 5th century BCE
Rosetta stone
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller

15. The New Kingdom
Few pyramids, but major monumental architectural projects
Engaged in empire-building to protect against foreign invasion
Local resistance drives Egypt out of Nubia
Kingdom of Kush revives c BCE
Invasions of Kushites, Assyrians destroy Egypt mid 6th century BCE
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller

16. Egyptian Urban Culture
Major cities along Nile river, especially at delta
Memphis c BCE, Heliopolis c BCE
Nubian cities include Kerma, Napata, Meroë
Located at cataracts of the Nile
Well-defined social classes
Pharaohs to slaves
Archaeological discoveries in Nubia also support class-based society
Patriarchal societies, notable exceptions: female Pharaoh Hatshepsut (r BCE)
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller

17. Pharaoh (Queen) Hatshepsut – Temple of Dayr al-Bahri ~ West Bank, Luxor
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Dr. C. Keller

18. Economic Specialization
Bronze metallurgy introduced late, with Hyksos invasion
Development of iron early, c. 900 BCE
Trade along Nile river
More difficult in Nubia due to cataracts
Sea trade in Mediterranean
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller

19. Early African Societies
The Formation of Complex Societies & Sophisticated Cultural Traditions
The Development of
Organized Religious Traditions
Amon & Re
Aten & Monotheism
religious turmoil
Amarna Heresy
Amenhotep III
Amenhotep IV - Akhenaten
Mummification
Cult of Osiris
Nubian Religious Beliefs
Temple to Amon ~ Karnak
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller

20. Temple of Karnak ~ Thebes (modern Luxor)
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller

21. Temple of Karnak ~ Thebes (modern Luxor)
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller

22. Temple of Karnak ~ Thebes (modern Luxor)
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller

23. Temple of Karnak ~ Thebes (modern Luxor)
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller

24. Temple of Karnak, early 20th c
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Dr. C. Keller

25. Temple of Karnak, early 20th c
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Dr. C. Keller

26. Temple of Karnak, early 20th c
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Dr. C. Keller

27. New Kingdom -Colossi of Memnon, Pharaoh Amenhotep III – 14th c BCE
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Dr. C. Keller

28. Akhenaten
Nefertiti
Akhenaten
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Dr. C. Keller

29. Tutankhamen
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Dr. C. Keller

30. Tutankhamen
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Dr. C. Keller

31. Abu Simbel – Temple of Ramses beloved of Amun, 1244 BCE Nubia
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Dr. C. Keller

32. Contemporary Egypt ~ Tourism & culture
Family on road to Saqqara
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Dr. C. Keller

33. Contemporary Egypt ~ Tourism & culture
School girls at Citadel ~ Cairo
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Dr. C. Keller

34. Contemporary Egypt ~ Tourism & culture
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Dr. C. Keller
School boys at Citadel ~ Cairo

35. Contemporary Egypt ~ Tourism & culture
Citadel ~ Cairo
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Dr. C. Keller

36. Contemporary Egypt ~ Tourism & culture
Globalism ~ Cairo
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Dr. C. Keller

37. Early African Societies & the Bantu Migrations
Bantu Migrations & Early Agricultural Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa
The Dynamics of
Bantu Expansion
The Bantu
Bantu Migrations
Iron & Migration
The Bantu Migrations, 2000 B.C.E. – 1000 C.E.
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller

38. Early African Societies & the Bantu Migrations
Bantu Migrations & Early Agricultural Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa
Bantu Religion ~ early monotheism
Deistic views as well
Prayers to intercessors, e.g. ancestor spirits
Great variations among populations
Migrations
Migration throughout sub-Saharan regions
Population pressures
Bantu language
Over 500 variations of original
90 million speakers
By 1000 BCE, occupied most of Africa south of the equator
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller

39. Key Words & Terms (2)
Nile River Valley Egyptians Nubians Menes (Unification of Egypt) Old/Middle/New Kingdom Amon, Amon-Re, Aten hieroglyphic writing Papyrus
Mummification Cult of Osiris
The Hyksos Kingdom of Kush Hatshepsut Hyksos Amenhotep IV (Akhenaton) Amarna heresy The Bantu ~ migration
HIST2321
Dr. C. Keller