1. Should she stay or go? Using the statements sort them into reasons she should stay and reasons she should go For both sets arrange them in your book in order of importance. Explain your top choice to stay and go

2. Rural to Urban Migration: Brazil LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1.TO IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT PUSH AND PULL FACTORS 2.TO PRIORITISE THE DIFFERENT PUSH AND PULL FACTORS

11. Rural to Urban Migration North East Brazil to Rio de Janeiro

13. Brazilian States’ Human Development Index

16. Rocinha 750 favelas in Rio. But new ones still being established. 20% of Rio’s pop live in favelas. 33% of world’s urban pop live in spontaneous settlements.

17. Streets in a Rocinha

23. Rio Urban Zones

27. Example 1 - Examine the consequences of rapid growth in a named LEDC city. E.g. Mexico City “There are too many people for the amount of land available & not enough housing for the people, so Mexico City people lived on the roofs of other houses. Squatter settlements form where people will build houses out of materials they can find. These are so numerous that they become out of control. The authorities cannot cope with the amount of people living there, and subsequently the amount of waste they produce. Whereas in some areas of Mexico City, the squatter settlements are built on hilly areas, the land becomes unstable and collapses, taking homes and people with it”.

28. Example 2 - With reference to specific examples, examine how the quality of life has been improved for residents in LEDC cities “Mexico City has tackled its traffic problem by the introduction of a scheme where cars with certain registration numbers cannot drive on certain days of the week, which reduces pollution and congestion. They are also spending £1m to extend the Metro line to carry 4 million/hr during rush hour, and improving the bus service to be more efficient, cheaper, cover a wider area, and hopefully reduce pollution from cars. In Cairo, they are managing the problem of housing provision for the expanding population, (2000 per week), by building satellite cities such as 10th Ramadan and Sadar City, (which will house up to 30 000 people). They are also legitimising the illegal occupation of land, (in shanty towns and tombs in the City of the Dead), providing electricity to the area and increasing the number of green spaces in the city……”

29. Example 2 - With reference to specific examples, examine how the quality of life has been improved for residents in LEDC cities “……Providing clean water also decreases the spread of diseases such as cholera. They have also improved the sewage system via the Greater Cairo Waste Water Project. This is a drainage system to collect water and take it out to the desert to irrigate farmland. Cairo’s authorities manage the rubbish collection by licensing the Zabbalean people to collect, clean and recycle rubbish. In Curitiba, Brazil, they pay individuals to collect rubbish in carts and sell them to recycling companies. Public transport is comfortable and drivers are paid by the amount of km. they drive not by the amount of passengers, so they are encouraged to visit all parts of the city”.

30. Example 3 - With reference to a named city, examine why large urban areas are unsustainable “Cities are usually unsustainable because of their growing population and everyones demands for resources and for the dumping of waste. Mexico City is surrounded by hills and pollution, largely from car emissions, becomes trapped above the city and is a serious danger to health, especially lung disease, (just like smoking around 40 cigarettes per day). Solid waste is a big problem: 11 000 tonnes of waste is produced but only 9000 tonnes collected. This waste ends up in waterways and streets, (2000 tonnes of waste is dumped in the Penuco River each day). Mexico City is growing uncontrollably, (60% through natural increase and 40% through rural-urban migration), and it now has a population of 26m…….”

31. Example 3 - With reference to a named city, examine why large urban areas are unsustainable “…….This causes huge problems for the quality of life of migrants on the outskirts of the city: a third have no sanitation and live in one room. Mexico’s Federal District produces 28% of the country’s industrial output and contains 40 000 factories. This adds up to the transport pollution, producing 12 000 tonnes of noxious gases released into the atmosphere each day. As areas expand it becomes difficult to co-ordinate a sustainable infrastructure, waste disposal, etc. By damaging their environment through pollution, etc, the area is made unsustainable because future generations will not be able to meet their resource needs”.