1. Acid Mine Drainage

2. Mining & the Environment Mine overburden & waste soils (mine tailings) are waste products generated by the mining industry. When these tailings are exposed to the atmosphere, precipitation and ground or surface water, they can react with oxygen & water to generate products which affect the pH & heavy metal composition of soils & streams

3. Mine Tailings

4. Acid Mine Drainage When mineral deposits containing sulfides are mined, they have the potential to produce acid mine drainage. –Coal, copper, gold, silver, zinc, lead & uranium AMD is caused by the physical & chemical weathering of the common mineral pyrite (FeS 2 )

5. Pyrite Physical weathering of pyrite is necessary to reduce the grain size of the mineral. –Miners often accelerated this process by grinding up ores and dumping the overburden in the mine tailings piles When exposed to water & oxygen, pyrite forms sulfuric acid.

6. Oxidation of Pyrite 4FeS 2 (s) + 14O 2 (g) + 4H 2 O(l) 4Fe 2+ (aq) + 8SO 4 2- (aq) + 8H + The ferrous & hydrogen ions are released into the waters that runoff from mine drainage tunnels or tailings piles. The ferrous ions are oxidized to form ferric ions 4Fe 2+ (aq) + O 2 (g) + 4H + (aq) 4Fe 3+ (aq) + 2H 2 O(l)

7. The ferric ion hydrolyzes win water to form an insoluble yellow-orange precipitate called “yellow boy”. 4Fe 3+ (aq) + 12H 2 O(l) 4Fe(OH) 3 (s) + 12 H + (aq) Oxidation of Pyrite

8. AMD in the High Andes, Peru

9. AMD in Colorado

10. “Yellow boy” precipitation smothers aquatic plants and animals

11. 4FeS 2 (s) + 14O 2 (g) + 4H 2 O(l) 4Fe 2+ (aq) + 8SO 4 2- (aq) + 8H + 4Fe 2+ (aq) + O 2 (g) + 4H + (aq) 4Fe 3+ (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) 4Fe 3+ (aq) + 12H 2 O(l) 4Fe(OH) 3 (s) + 12 H + (aq) 4FeS 2 (s) + 15O 2 (g) + 14H 2 O(l) 4Fe(OH) 3 (s) + 8SO 4 2- (aq) +16H + smothers organisms living on the stream bottom

12. Microbial Influences Abiotic oxidation of pyrite is slow. The bacterial microbe Thiobacillus ferrooxidans catalyzes the oxidation of FeS 2 to ferric ions and hydrogen ions

13. Microbial Influences The pH of AMD can less than 3. Other heavy metal ions (zinc, copper, lead, arsenic and manganese) are also soluble in acidic solution & are mobilized Streams are often devoid of life for miles downstream of an AMD source

14. T. ferrooxidans Acidophilic –capable of surviving at low pH’s Autotrophic –obtains its carbon by fixing atmospheric CO 2 Viewed by electron microscope magnified 30,000 times

15. T. ferrooxidans Obtains its energy by the oxidation of either iron or sulfur Fe 2+ + 0.25 O 2 + H + Fe 3+ + 0.5 H 2 O H 2 S + 2O 2 SO 4 2- + 2H + S o + H 2 O + 1.5 O 2 SO 4 2- + 2H + S 2 O 3 2- + H 2 O + 2O 2 2SO 4 2- + 2H +

16. T. ferrooxidans T. ferrooxidans is generally assumed to be obligately aerobic, but under anaerobic conditions, it can be grown on elemental sulfur using ferric iron as an electron acceptor. S + 6Fe 3+ + 4H 2 O H 2 SO 4 + 6Fe 2+ + 6H +  G=-314 KJ/mol

17. T. ferrooxidans Important in bioleaching processes where anaerobic conditions exist Can also obtain energy from oxidizing Cu +, Se 2+, & from oxidation of Sb, U & Mo compounds Red-orange color due to production of Fe(III) as T. ferrooxidans oxidizes Fe(II)

18. T. ferrooxidans Experiments show that T. ferrooxidans accelerates extraction of copper from ores

19. Coal Mining and AMD Upper Conemaugh River Basin, PA

21. A Little History Nature bestowed Cambria & Somerset Counties, PA a mixed blessing with an abundance of coal & a topography which made it easy to extract Five minable seams of coal provided the energy needed for the Industrial Revolution which made Johnstown one of the largest iron & steel production centers in the world

22. A Little History The Cambria Iron Company (Andrew Carnegie’s first still mill) was located in Johnstown It later grew into the largest integrated Steel Mill in the world (stretched 14 mi along the Conemaugh & Little Conemaugh Rivers Steel mills used large amount of coal to make coke (fuel for the clast furnaces)

23. Types of Coal Mines Drift or Slope Mines –driven into valley walls near level of coal –drain excess water encountered by gravity flow out the entry Shaft Mines –pumps used to remove water –boreholes drilled to relieve water pressure

24. Types of Coal Mines Surface Mines –uses draglines which can remove up to a depth of 200 ft in a single pass –miners left the overburden rock where it acid and metals into streams to add to the discharges from the abandoned deep mines

25. Water Flows Underground mines may produce thousand gallon per minute flows Strip mines produce less flow

26. Mine Drainage Wasteland Iron mound precipitated from water discharging from a 300’ deep borehole. Precipitate (up to 9 ft deep) has killed trees

27. Open Mine Entry Water discharging from drift mine. Discharges from these types of mines –200-800 gpm –pH range 2.7-3.2 –Metal concentrations: 58mg/l Fe 20.9 mg/l Mn 55.4 mg/l Al