1. Starter S-161 Define A.Saturated solution B.Miscible C.Supersaturated solution

2. Solutions Chapter 16

3. 16.1 Properties of Solutions Chapter 16

4. Solutions occur when a solute dissolves in a solvent Solutions are homogeneous mixtures Three factors determine how rapidly solutes dissolve 16.1 Solution Properties Sink Hole Animation

5. 1.Stirring – moves fresh solvent over the surface of the solute 2.Temperature – particles move faster at higher temperatures, increase in frequency and force of collisions between solute and solvent 3.Particle Size – smaller particles expose greater surface areas to the colliding solvent 16.1 Solution Properties

6. Solubility – the amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent Unsaturated – more solute can be dissolved at a specific temp Saturated – maximum solute that can be dissolved 16.1 Solution Properties

7. Some liquids are infinitely soluble in each other. They are said to be miscible. Immiscible – liquids that are insoluble in each other Solubility is often given as grams of solute per 100g of solvent 16.1 Solution Properties immiscible

8. A solubility curve gives the solubility (usually in grams solute per 100g solution) as it varies with temperature For most substances solubility increases with temperature Charts are for specific solvents You will need to read these charts for the test 16.1 Solution Properties

9. Pressure has little effect on the solubility of liquids or solids Strong effect on the solubility of gases Henry’s Law – at a certain temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas above the liquid 16.1 Solution Properties

10. 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions Chapter 16

11. There are different ways to calculate how much solute is dissolved Concentration – the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent Dilute – small amount of solute Concentrated – large amount of solute 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions

12. Molarity (M) – the number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of solution Moles are calculated from the mass Volume must be in liters (convert from mL if necessary) Volume is the total final volume of the solution, not the volume of the solvent 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions

13. Example: 0.90g NaCl is dissolved to make 100.0 mL of solution. What is the molarity of the soution? 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions

14. Example: Household laundry bleach is a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite. How many moles of solute are present in 1.5 L of 0.70M NaClO? 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions

15. Often it is necessary to dilute a chemical. Make it’s molarity lower However, we can not reduce the number of moles in solution without a chemical reaction 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions

16. Example: How many milliliters of aqueous 2.00M Magnesium Sulfate must be diluted with water to prepare 100.0 mL of 0.400 M Mangesium Sulfate? This means that 20.0 mL of the 2.00 M solution must be mixed with 80.0 mL of water (the solvent) to make the 0.400 M solution 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions

17. Percent Solutions – can be expressed two ways Percent by mass 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions

18. Example: How many grams of glucose is needed to make 2000.0g of a 2.8% by mass solution? 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions

19. Percent Solutions – can be expressed two ways Percent by mass It helps often to remember that 1g of water equals 1 mL of water 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions

20. Example: What is the percent volume of ethanol (C2H6O) in the final solution when 85 mL of ethanol is diluted by adding 165 mL of water? 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions

21. 16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions Chapter 16

22. Colligative Property – depends only on the number of solute particles, not their identity 1.Vapor-Pressure Depression (lowering) 2.Boiling-Point Elevation (increasing) 3.Freezing-Point Depression 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions

23. Vapor-Pressure Depression The surface of a liquid has particles that are constantly leaving the surface and some particles returning (equilibrium) 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions

24. Vapor-Pressure Depression If a solute is dissolved in the solvent Not as many molecules can escape the surface 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions

25. Vapor-Pressure Depression This reduces the amount of gas above the solution So the vapor pressure decreases 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions

26. Vapor-Pressure Depression The decrease in a solution’s vapor pressure is proportional to the number of particles the solute makes in solution 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions

27. Freezing-Point Depression When a substance freezes the particles take on an orderly pattern The addition of a solute disrupts this pattern More kinetic energy must be withdrawn form the solution to cause it to solidify 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions

28. Freezing-Point Depression The difference in temperature between the normal freezing point of the solvent and the freezing point of the solution is called freezing-point depression 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions

29. Freezing-Point Depression Salt is added to ice to lower the freezing point If enough salt it added, the freezing point is depressed and the ice turns to liquid 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions

30. Boiling Point Elevation Boiling occurs when the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the atmospheric pressure Solutes decrease vapor pressure, so a solution must be at a higher temperature before it can boil 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions

31. Boiling Point Elevation The difference between the normal boiling point of the solvent and the boiling point of the solution is called boiling point elevation 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions

32. Remember that all colligative properties are proportional to the number of particles in solution The greatest effect would occur in a 50/50 solutions Antifreeze is mixed with water to increase the boiling point and to lower the freezing point 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions