1. PRINCIPLES OF COMPOUNDING Terrick Andey College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences Florida A&M University February 2013

2. SOLUTIONS –AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS  Definition: a homogeneous mixture of dissolved solids, liquids, or gases (solute) in a liquid  Molecules of the solute are dispersed among molecules of the solvent  Solvent is typically water  Classes: Water, Aromatic Water, Solutions, Douches, Enemas, Nasal solutions, Otic solutions, and Irrigation solutions

3. SOLUTIONS - Water  Major ingredient is water  Used as vehicle and solvent for flavoring or medicinal agents  Also used for preparing parenterals, irrigations, or inhalations  U.S.P. defines many types of water including:  Purified Water  Water for Injection  Sterile Purified Water  Sterile Water for Injection  Sterile Bacteriostatic Water for Injection  Sterile Water for Inhalation  Sterile Water for Irrigation

4.  However, there are two basic types of water preparation;  Water for Injection and  Purified Water  They differ in the fact that Water for Injection has  stricter bacterial count standards and must also  Pass the bacterial endotoxin test

5. SOLUTIONS – Aromatic Waters  Also known as Medicated waters  Characterics: clear, saturated aqueous solutions of volatile oils or other aromatic or volatile substances  Their odor and tastes are similar to the volatile substances from which they are prepared  Uses: flavored or perfumed vehicles

6. SOLUTIONS – Aromatic Waters  Preparation:  Distillation  Solution  Incorporation of volatile oil in talc or pulped filter paper, adding purified water, agitating and filtering  Examples:  Peppermint water U.S.P.  Camphor water N.F.  Dill water  Cinnamon water  Caraway water  Anise water

7. SOLUTIONS – Aromatic Waters  PEPPERMINT WATER U.S.P. R x : Peppermint oil2 ml Talc15 gm Purified water q.s. ad1000 ml  Procedure: 1.Mix thoroughly talc with peppermint oil in a glass mortar 2.Remove the mixture from the motar to a calibrated Erlenmeyer flask 3.Add 100 ml purified water and shake periodically for 10 minutes 4.Filter; return first portion of filtrate (in order to obtain clear products) 5.Make up to volume with Purified water

8. SOLUTIONS – Solutions  Definition: a liquid prepn. containing one or more soluble chemical substances dissolved in water  Use for specific therapeutic effect of the solute  Preparation:  Simple solutions: dissolving solute in solvent  E.g.: Calcium hydroxide topical solution (Lime water), Sodium phosphates oral solution, Strong iodine solution

9. SOLUTIONS – Solutions  STRONG IODINE SOLUTION U.S.P. R x : Iodine 50 gm Potassium iodide100 gm Purified water, q.s. ad to100o ml  Procedure: 1.Dissolve powdered iodine and potassium iodide in a glass mortar with about 800 ml of purified water 2.Transfer to a graduated cylinder 3.Add sufficient purified water to make up to 1000 ml

10. SOLUTIONS – Douches  Definition: an aqueous solution directed into a cavity or a part of the body  Uses: cleansing agent or antiseptic  E.g.: Eye douche, Pharyngeal douche, Nasal douche, Vaginal douche

11. SOLUTIONS – Enemas  Definition: Rectal injections used to evacuate the bowel, for systemic absorption, or for local action  Classified as  Evacuation enemas  Retention enemas  E.g.: Enema of Soap BPC 1963 Fleet enema Sulfasalazine rectal enema Barium sulfate enema

12. SOLUTIONS – Nasal solutions  Definition: Aqueous solutions intended for administration into nasal passages  Dosage my be in the form or drops or sprays  Must be isotonic with nasal secretions, with pH around 5.5-6.5  E.g.: Ephedrine sulfate U.S.P. Oxytocin nasal solution U.S.P.

13. SOLUTIONS – Nasal solutions  Ephedrine sulfate R x : Ephedrine HCl 0.5 gm Chlorobutanol0.5 gm Sodium chloride0.5 gm Purified water q.s.100 ml

14. SOLUTIONS – Otic solutions  Preparations intended for topical application in the ear  Solvent is typically water or glycerin  E.g.:  Antipyrine and Benzocaine Otic Solution U.S.P.  Neomycin Sulfate Otic Solution  Polymyxin B Sulfate Otic Solution

15. SOLUTIONS – Irrigation solutions  Solutions used to perfuse or wash surgical wounds, incisions and body tissues  Must be sterile, free of particulate matter and free from pyrogens  Solvent is Water for Injection U.S.P.  E.g.:  Acetic acid irrigation U.S.P. (bladder)  Aminoacetic acid irrigation U.S.P. (urethral surgery)  Sodium chloride irrigation U.S.P.