1. Measuring confidence outside (and inside) the BCS Good News! Susanne Karstedt University of Leeds, UK © Susanne Karstedt

2. Trust and confidence in police and justice “Increasing and maintaining public confidence in the police should be seen as a long-term continuous process” Home Office 2009

3. Why trust and confidence? “Romantic” vision - Golden age of policing Community policing Performance measurement – managerial perspective

4. Asking questions How much confidence and trust in the police do we really need? How much impact do we actually have on public opinion?

5. Outline The UK and its neighbours – comparative perspectives Development of confidence, trust and distrust: What do the data tell us? Trajectories of (dis)trust: Which groups withdrew trust, which groups increased trust? Values and attitudes: Contextualising confidence and trust

6. Looking at trust in the police and justice system Trust as a sociotropic concept – Trust is mostly not based on individual experience but generated through collective perceptions and vicarious experience – Trust in the police and justice system is therefore less dependent on how these agencies act, and more on how they are collectively perceived Therefore: no difference between people who had contact with the police and those who did not in in terms of agreeing that the police deal with ASB and crime (Home Office BCS 2009)

7. Data World Values Survey 1982 – 2005 European Social Survey 2002 – 2008 Eurobarometer 1997 – 2007 British Crime Survey 1996 - 2008

8. The UK and its neighbours Comparative perspectives

12. Development of confidence, trust and distrust in the UK What do the data tell us?

13. Measuring trust in the UK: World Value Survey

15. Measuring trust in the UK: European Social Survey

16. Measuring trust in the UK: Eurobarometer

17. Measuring trust in the UK: British Crime Survey

20. Trajectories of (dis)trust: Which groups withdrew trust? Which groups increased trust?

22. Measuring (dis)trust with the BCS: Age groups

25. Measuring (dis)trust with the BCS: Income levels

28. Measuring (dis)trust with the BCS: Education

31. Measuring (dis)trust with the BCS: Area

33. Values and attitudes: Contextualising confidence and trust

37. Fear of terrorist attack and (dis)trust in the police

40. Improving and maintaining trust: Good news! Trust and confidence in the UK is on the rise since 2000 Neither dramatic improvements nor failures Trust and distrust develop in waves that affect groups equally and shape their trajectories over time

41. Improving and maintaining trust: Cautious notes! The police is operating in an increasingly distrustful society A government that presents itself as “taking responsibility” might increase distrust in the police Promoting self-interest of citizens might increase distrust