1. Homework MA #11 due tomorrow. New (and final!) assignment sheet available on the website.

2. Aim: How did the Crusades change Europe? Do Now:  How do the Gothic Cathedrals help to disprove the idea that the Middle Ages were simply the “Dark” Ages?

3. I. Why are Europeans willing to fight the Crusades? Pope Urban II: Calls the First Crusade in 1095. European Kings: Regular Europeans:

4. II. Results of the Crusades Europeans win the first Crusade (1099), retake Jerusalem, establish four kingdoms (Crusader states) in the Middle East. However, the Muslims win the next three Crusades (see handout for more specific details) End result: The Holy Land (Jerusalem) stays under the control of the Muslims

5. III. Political Effects of the Crusades For the Pope: Decrease in power For the Feudal Lords: Decrease in power For the Kings: Increase in power

6. IV. Economic Effects of the Crusades Influence on Trade:  When the Europeans establish the Crusader states, they need supplies to survive. The Italian city-states provide these supplies, become even wealthier and more powerful.  After the Crusades, many European merchants stay behind in the Middle East and trade with the Muslims. This leads to more trade between Europe and Middle East that benefits both Christians and Muslims.

7. V. Social Effects of the Crusades Rising Anti-Semitism (hated and violence against the Jews) in Europe. Why? Greater hatred and distrust between Christian Europe and the Muslim Middle East (we still feel the effects of it today!) Greater cultural diffusion between Christians and Muslims.