1. 1/14 A Result Forwarding Unit for a Synthesisable Asynchronous Processor Luis Tarazona and Doug Edwards Advanced Processor Technologies Group School of Computer Science

2. 2/14 Result Forwarding Method to reduce inter-instruction data dependencies performance penalty Can even be used to allow out-of order execution. Hard to implement in asynchronous processors Earlier proposed solutions to resolve data dependencies in asynchronous processors: –Register locking (AMULET1) –Last-result register (AMULET2) –Asynchronous ROB (AMULET3) –Counterflow pipelines Full-custom solutions!

3. 3/14 Potential Benefits

4. 4/14 Synthesisable Result Forwarding Unit Synthesisable description advantages: –Faster development –Design-space exploration –Technology mapping transparency The description serves to: –Evaluate the capabilities of the Balsa language to describe performance-demanding systems –Highlight performance-oriented description techniques

5. 5/14 The Target Processor: nanoSpa Experimental new SPA specification Same 3-stage SPA pipeline architecture Main target: Performance No support yet for –Thumb Instructions –Interrupts –Memory Aborts –Coprocessors

6. 6/14 Related Work: AMULET3 ROB D.A. Gilbert & J.D. Garside 1997 Asynchronous Reorder Buffer that provides forwarding and precise exceptions handling Implemented in single-rail Five-process reference model for the synthesisable FU

7. 7/14 nanoFU Architecture Parameterised queue sizes: 4,5,6 & 8 Dual-rail, performance-oriented description style

8. 8/14 Implementation Issues Synchronisation between processes: –Use data tokens instead of sync channels to increase performance –Speculative buffer reads to decouple arrival and forwarding –Buffer cell locking to decouple Forwarding and Allocation –Drawbacks: power and area penalty

9. 9/14 Implementation Issues CAM implementation based on comparators – relatively simple but still slow Register bank operation: –Potential hazards in dual-rail if speculatively reading while writing Register read must wait for Lookup to provide “default” forwarding value –Number of tokens in pipeline guarantees that writeout never conflicts with reading

10. 10/14 Simulation Results Pre-layout, transistor-level simulations, 180nm technology

11. 11/14 Balsa limitations highlights Need for: –Efficient ways of describing and synthesising associative arrays –Deadlock-safe implementation that allows concurrent writes and reads in variables (for speculative reading) –Signal-level manipulation to avoid excessive synchronisation Some peephole optimisations (next talk)

12. 12/14 Conclusions

13. 13/14 Future work To extend the nanoSpa pipeline by including a memory stage and evaluate the performance of the forwarding unit within this architecture To implement and explore the effects of suggested optimisations and components

14. 14/14 Thank you very much! Questions? Acknowledgement Thanks to Luis Plana, Andrew, Charlie and Will for their suggestions and comments. This work and PhD are supported by EPSCR and UoM School of Computer Science scholarships.