1. Frequency-Domain Range Data Registration for 3-D Space Modeling in Robotic Applications By Phillip Curtis

2. What is Registration? Registration is the act of making an image of an object from one point of view, match an image of the same object from a different point of view.

3. What is Needed? A registration technique for robotics applications must be: –Quick, with a low computational burden –Flexible (precision adjusted to task) –Accurate –Scalable

4. Registration Prior Art Classical approaches –Three Point Problem Requires direct knowledge of point correspondents and 3-D spatial locations: P2=Q*P1, solve for Q –Iterative solutions Classic iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm by Besl and McKay [1]. –Most research in the field of range image registration is centred on modifications on the ICP approach [1] P.J. Besl, N.D. McKay, “A Method for Registration of 3-D Shapes”, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 14, pp. 239-256, Feb. 1992.

5. ICP Besl and McKay’s ICP Algorithm –1 st : match points between images using the criterion of closest point –2 nd : determine the optimal registration for that match by first estimating the rotation, then the translation –3 rd : rotate the 1 st image by the estimation –4 th : Repeat the 1 st, 2 nd, and 3 rd steps until the error delta between iterations is small enough

6. ICP Advantages –Allows for arbitrary data sampling structures –Simple and precise Disadvantages –Tends toward local minima, unless a precise initial estimate is used –Slow due to its matching algorithm (N- squared)

7. Frequency Domain Registration Well known in 2-D registration Extended to 3-D by Lucchese et al. [2] –Takes advantage of the fact that the Fourier transform decouples the estimation of the rotational parameters from that of the translational parameters –Uses correlation and geometric projection techniques to extract rotational and translational parameters [2] L. Lucchese, G. Doretto, G.M. Cortelazzo, “A Frequency Domain Technique for Range Data Registration”, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 24, No. 11, pp. 1468-1484, Nov. 2002.

8. Frequency Domain Registration Advantages –No initial estimate –No matching of features required –Avoid local minima solutions that are inherent in ICP Disadvantages –Luccese et al. require many transformations of the data (FFT and correlation histograms) to achieve results

9. Frequency Domain Benefits The frequency domain allows for a low computational burden, due to the availability of the Fast Fourier Transform The frequency domain techniques have the ability to scale well to an increase in dataset size Precision can be adjusted by changing the resolution.

10. Frequency Domain Registration Fourier Transform allows for the effective segregation of the rotation parameters from the translation parameters. Fourier Transform Magnitude Phase

11. Determining The Axis of Rotation All objects which rotate have an axis of rotation. By eliminating the effects of the translation parameters when two frequency domain magnitude images are subtracted, the axis of rotation can be found by determining the zero line through the frequency origin, since this line is the only constant between the two images.

12. Determining the Angle of Rotation The angle of rotation can be determined via a minimum sum of the difference of squares search of possible rotation values about the axis of rotation. Due to the Hermitian symmetry property of the Fourier transform, there are two possible rotation angles, separated by 180°.

13. Solution Selection A phase correlation between the first image, and the second image derotated by both solutions is used to determine the proper solution. The proper solution will yield a more impulse- like space function.

14. Estimation of Translation The location of the impulse of the phase correlation corresponds to the estimate of the translation parameters

15. What Needed to be Done Lucchese et al. provide a nice rigorous start to frequency domain registration, but to be practical for robotics applications the following must be improved –A more efficient method for the estimation of the axis of rotation –A more efficient and flexible method for the estimation of the angle of rotation –Handle images with multiple properties (colour, texture, etc), in addition to range

16. Descretisation of Data Apply continuously positioned data to a discrete grid for the FFT –Need to add ‘volume’ to each point, so that the energy is captured, prevent impulsive effects, and aliasing –Cubic voxels to prevent scaling factors –Minimize the data space

17. Determining the Axis of Rotation Minimize calculation time, while maintaining accuracy comparable to Lucchese et al. Solution was to develop the normalised percentage difference equation (eq. 18) to find the difference between F-D images Use a moving window search technique to find the axis

18. Determine the Angle of Rotation Lucchese et al. use a correlation histogram technique using the projections of rotated then re-transformed data to estimate the angle of rotation –Huge computational penalty This thesis uses a coarse to fine minimum of least squares iterative approach

19. Solution Selection Observations of Correct solution vs. complementary solution –Correct solution is more impulsive, and that impulse is higher than the average energy Uses peak energy / average energy measure along the projections of each dimension

20. Translation Estimate The solution with the highest ratio “wins” The location of the maximal peak in the winning solution is the estimate of the translation parameters

21. Experimental Setup Used both simulated data and real data acquired –Simulated data from Dr. P. Payeur’s simulator –Real Data from robotic range sensing system developed primarily for this thesis

22. Robotic Range Sensing System Combines CRS 6 degree of freedom serial robotic arm with a track containing an additional degree of freedom, plus a laser range line scanner, and a standard PC

23. Robotic Range Sensing System Used standard RS-232 serial communications protocol and Windows 2000 Win32 API to develop control and acquisition software. Inverse kinematics was modified from that developed by W.M. Keck virtual factory lab.

24. Robotic Range Sensing System Cut down on number of tools required to acquire data Saves data in many formats used by members in VIVA lab Repeatable and quick (64 lines from 3 different perspectives takes about half an hour) Expandable code base

25. Test Data Used both simulated data sets and real data sets –The simulated house frame was selected to evaluate the performance of the algorithm using objects with a high degree of symmetry –The real house frame data was selected to see how the algorithm performed under “real” data vs. simulated data.

26. Test Data –Simulated computer setup was used to evaluate performance with occlusions –Skewed planar surfaces were used to evaluate overlap performance

27. Some Results Histogram of rotation error of simulated house frame (top) and real house frame (bottom) data sets.

28. Some Results Selected registration point clouds of registered data sets (top simulated house frame, bottom is real house frame)

29. Some Results Histogram of rotation error (top) and selected registration point cloud (bottom) for simulated computer data sets

30. Some Results Execution times of the frequency domain registration algorithm developed in this thesis, compared to that of ICP

31. Results The implementation as described in this thesis is accurate, and flexible Have improved computational efficiency, compared to Lucchese et al. without observable loss of accuracy More scalable than ICP (execution time is faster and does not grow as rapidly as ICP) Have added in the capability for enhanced data sets containing colour in addition for range data (untested)

32. Conclusion Proposed, implemented, and tested an automatic registration estimation algorithm that: –does not require human intervention –does not require an initial estimate –is independent of the geometry of the object –provides the framework for the multi-dimensional, multi-property data registration –is scalable with regards to data set size, and desired precision –is more efficient than that of Lucchese et al. and of Besl and McKay.

33. Conclusion The following innovations were contributed to the area of frequency domain registration research –More computationally efficient difference equation for calculating the difference between frequency domain magnitude images –Moving window to determine axis of rotation –Coarse to fine approach to determine the angle of rotation –Development of a robotic range sensing system

34. Future Work Improve solution selection mechanism Investigate other transform domains Test with enhanced data sets containing multiple data attributes Develop the mathematical frame work for higher dimensional registration using the axis of rotation model

35. Resulting Research Publications P. Curtis, P. Payeur, “An Integrated Robotic Laser Range Sensing System for Automatic Mapping of Wide Workspaces”, Proceedings of the IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical And Computer Engineering, Vol. 2, pp. 1135-1138, May 2004. P. Curtis, C.S. Yang, P. Payeur, "An Integrated Robotic Multi-Modal Sensing System", Proceedings of the IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, pp. 1991-1996, Ottawa, ON, 2005. C.S. Yang, P. Curtis, P. Payeur, "Calibration of an Integrated Robotic Multi-Modal Range Scanner", submitted to IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2005. P. Curtis, P. Payeur, “A Frequency Domain Approach to Registration in 3-D Space”, submitted to IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Oct. 2005. P. Curtis, P. Payeur, “Registering 3-D Data with Multiple Properties using a Frequency Domain Approach“, in preparation for IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

36. Questions