1. Sensor Networking Research Team Context Aware Technology Jae Doo Huh 2008. 3. 11

2. U-IT Europe Forum 2008 2 Sensor Networking Research Team Contents I. Introduction II. Context?  Future Computing  Ubiquitous Computing  Motivation  Smart Device III. Context-aware Computing  Context-aware Computing  Context – who, where etc..  Context Modeling  Service Application  IV. Context-aware Services

3. Sensor Networking Research Team I. Introduction  Paradigm Shift  Ubiquitous Computing  Future Computing Roadmap

4. U-IT Europe Forum 2008 4 Sensor Networking Research Team Paradigm Shift  Computing 46: ENIAC 71: 4004 72: 8008 73: 8080/85 78: 8086/88 82: 80286 85: 80386 89: 80486 Mainframe computer Personal Computer Networked Computers 1980s1960s 1990s Sharing a computer Individualusage Sharing over Internet Ubiquitous Computing 2000s informationeverywhere 93: Pentium 95: P-pro 97: P-II 99: P-III 00: P-IV 08: P-QuadCore 1950 1975 2000 Context-aware Computing Personal Computing Horizontal Market Networked Computing Small, Intelligent, 3D

5. U-IT Europe Forum 2008 5 Sensor Networking Research Team The Vision Mark Weiser (1952 – 1999), XEROX PARC “In the 21st century the technology revolution will move into the everyday, the small and the invisible…“ Mark Weiser, 1988 “The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it” Mark Weiser, 1991

6. Sensor Networking Research Team II. Context-aware  Definition  Examples of context  Context Information

7. U-IT Europe Forum 2008 7 Sensor Networking Research Team Context The specific conditions, external to the application itself, such as audience, speaker (user), situation (place and its surroundings), time, environmental and network conditions, etc., which determine the application behavior, will be called the ‘context’ of the application. +Sensed Context +Predefined Context +Inferred/Deduced Context

8. U-IT Europe Forum 2008 8 Sensor Networking Research Team Context Defines “ Everybody has a different notion. ”  Context in the literature:  location, identities of nearby people and objects.  time of day, season, temperature.  user‘s emotional state, focus of attention  environment the user and computer know about  state of the computer surroundings

9. U-IT Europe Forum 2008 9 Sensor Networking Research Team  Pascoe(1997): taxonomy of context-aware features  contextual sensing  context adaptation  contextual resource discovery  contextual augmentation (associating digital data with user’s context)  Abowd & Dey(2000): context-aware features  presentation of information/services to a user according to current context  automatic execution of a service when in a certain context  tagging context to information for later retrieval  Kotz:  Active context awareness - An application automatically adapts to discovered context, by changing the application’s behavior  Passive context awareness - An application presents the new or updated context to an interested user or makes the context persistent for the user to retrieve later. Context-aware?Context-aware?

10. U-IT Europe Forum 2008 10 Sensor Networking Research Team Shortcomings of the former systems  Context acquisition and use was often tightly integrated into a single application, and could not easily be incorporated into other applications.  Individual agents are responsible for managing their own context knowledge  Thus application developers often find it very difficult to build their applications  Lacking an adequate representation for context modeling and reasoning  Existing solutions for Context information are  Name-value pairs (in the Context Toolkit) or entity relation model  Objects to represent context with methods and fields for retrieval of information  Simple matching mechanisms for context access, and developers must perform low- level programming for reasoning  Users often have no control over the information that is acquired by the sensors  Privacy Concerns

11. U-IT Europe Forum 2008 11 Sensor Networking Research Team And the Role of Middleware  Designating those steps to Middleware will:  Free the application developer from underlying tasks: sensing technologies, gathering sensed context data, modeling context data, reasoning and delivering/disseminating the inferred contexts to applications  Let him focus on implementing application logic  Reusability: built once – used by everyone  Separation of concerns: Context-aware Middleware decouples application layer with lower layers => more efficient to develop

12. U-IT Europe Forum 2008 12 Sensor Networking Research Team Context-aware Middleware  Desired Characteristics:  Support for heterogeneous and distributed sensing agents  Make it easy to incrementally deploy new sensors and context-aware services in th e env.  Provide different kinds of context classification mechanisms -> Flexibility  Different mechanisms have different power, expressiveness properties  Rules written in different types of logic (first order logic, description logic, tempor al/spatial logic, fuzzy logic, etc.)  Machine-learning mechanisms (supervised/unsupervised classifiers)  Follow a formal context model using ontology  To enable syntactic and semantic interoperability, and knowledge sharing between different domains  Facilitate for applications to specify different behaviors in different contexts easily, as well as privacy policy and security mechanism  Graphical development tool to ease developers in writing code.  Dealing with uncertainty to enhance the quality of context

13. Sensor Networking Research Team III. Context Aware Computing  Context Aware Computing  Context Define  Context Modeling  Application Service  Related Work

14. U-IT Europe Forum 2008 14 Sensor Networking Research Team Context Aware Computing  Context-aware  To recognize user’s state and surroundings, and modify its behavior based on this information  Is  Breaking computers out of the box  Making computers more aware of the physical and social situations they are embedded in  One line of ubiquitous computing research  “ A Context-aware Systems should make my life easier but if it makes mistakes I ’ m angry with it and the second time it does something wrong I turn it off (forgetting the many times it was working correctly … ) ”  They want cellular phones but we don ’ t want the antennas …

15. U-IT Europe Forum 2008 15 Sensor Networking Research Team Context Information - Location  The Active Badge (92)  User based indoor location sensing  Identity using an IR data link  Active maps: scalability  @ Olivetti Research Lab (Cambridge, UK)  ParcTabs (Schilit 95)  Active badge+wireless: Rough location + ID  Active Bat (Ward 97)  Active Badge: only identify 2D location  Ultrasonic fine-grained 3D location system

16. U-IT Europe Forum 2008 16 Sensor Networking Research Team Context Information - Location  Cricket (MIT Oxygen):  An indoor location system for pervasive computing env.  RADAR (Microsoft)  A set of static receivers track positions of transmitters  Barcode  1D vs. 2D & BW vs. color  Load cell (GATECH) vs. ON/OFF cell Simple ON/OFF switch GIST GATECH

17. U-IT Europe Forum 2008 17 Sensor Networking Research Team Context Information – User Identify  Who:  Biometric sensors  Face recognition):  Speech identification/recognition

18. U-IT Europe Forum 2008 18 Sensor Networking Research Team Context Information - Behavior  What: User’s behavior  Body tracking  Gesture recognition  Activity recognition  Object recognition Body tracking Face Guesture Environment

19. U-IT Europe Forum 2008 19 Sensor Networking Research Team Context Information - Intention  How & Why: User ’ s emotion  Sensing affect signals  Recognizing patterns of affective expression  lightness, Angry, Fear,,,

20. Sensor Networking Research Team IV. Context Aware Services

21. U-IT Europe Forum 2008 21 Sensor Networking Research Team Context aware Intelligent Service Light Sensors Smart Home Context-aware Agent

22. U-IT Europe Forum 2008 22 Sensor Networking Research Team Context aware Intelligent Service Smart Home Health Care Sensors Context-aware Agent

23. U-IT Europe Forum 2008 23 Sensor Networking Research Team Q and A  Discussion and More Information…  Open to Collaborative Research with ETRI to jdhuh@etri.re.kr