2. Legal Issues on PKI & qualified electronic certificates. THIBAULT VERBIEST Attorney-at-law at the Brussels and Paris Bar Professor at the Universities of Liège and Paris I Sorbonne Chairman of the Internet Rights Observatory WWW.ULYS.NET thibault.verbiest@ulys.net

3. Introduction & awareness case "E-commerce is seeing rapid growth both for companies as well as for consumers. But without security and trust, financial and commercial transactions via the Internet will not see decisive growth“ (EU Commission statement) Hi my name is G.W. Bush and please transfer $1.000.000 to

4. Trust & Security online?  Technical trust Know your customer Guarantee the integrity of the message Guarantee the confidential character  Legal trust Admissibility of technical measures Electronic ‘contract’ or instruction is valid and effective. PKI based solutions Adequate regulatory framework

5. Regulatory Framework European Union Directive 99/93 on electronic signatures Directive 2000/31 on electronic commerce Belgium Act of 20 October 2000 & Act of 9 July 2001 Royal Ordinance Royal Ordinance of 6 December 2002 (CSP) Acts of 11 March 2003 on electronic commerce

6. Regulatory Framework - Europe  Directive 1999/93 on electronic signatures Entry into Force: 19 January 2000. Implementation by Member States: 19 July 2001.  Main principles Enhance Internal market principles:  mutual recognition & cross-border provision  Third Countries? Everybody is free to run a CSP (CA)  no prior authorisaton / voluntary accreditation? Electronic signatures may not be denied legal effect Technology neutral legislation Cf. notion electronic signature (13.12.99)

7. Regulatory Framework - Belgium  Act of 20 October 2000:  admissibility and legal recognition  Modifications of Belgian Civil Code (art. 1322) and Civil Procedure Code  Act 9 July 2001 on certain aspects of electronic signatures & certification services  Royal Ordinance of 6 December 2002 on the accreditation of Certification Service Providers (CSP) BE.SIGN (be.sign@mineco.fgov.be)

8. Regulatory Framework - Act 9 July 2001  Principle of non-discrimination (art. 4 § 5) An electronic signature cannot be denied legal effectiveness solely on the grounds that it is an electronic one  Principle of assimilation (art. 4 § 4) hand-written signature = electronic signature IF  advanced electronic signature based on a qualified certificate and which is created by a secure-signature- creation device  Key notions: Advanced electronic signature & qualified certificate

9. Regulatory Framework - Act 9 July 2001 Notions Electronic signature: method of authentication Advanced electronic signature: electronic signature that is  uniquely linked to the signatory;  capable of identifying the signatory;  created using means that the signatory can maintain under his sole control; and  linked to the data to which it relates in such a manner that any subsequent change of the data is detectable; Identification Confidentiality Integrity

10. Regulatory Framework - Act 9 July 2001 “qualified certificate" certificate which meets the requirements laid down in Annex I and is provided by a CSP who fulfils the requirements laid down in Annex II;

11. Regulatory Framework - Act 9 July 2001 Annex I: requirements qualified certificate an indication of qualified certificate; the identification of the CSP and Member State the name of the signatory or a pseudonym provision for a specific attribute of the signatory to be included if relevant, depending on the purpose for which the certificate is intended; an indication of the term; the identity code of the certificate; the advanced electronic signature of the CSP issuing it; limitations on i) the scope of use or ii) limits on the value of transactions

12. Regulatory Framework - Act 9 July 2001: Annex II: requirements CSP - qualified certificate Must be reliable and ensure the proper functioning of a directory and revocation service; Verify the identity and any specific attributes of the person to which a qualified certificate is issued; Use trustworthy systems and products which are protected against modification and ensure the technical and cryptographic security of the process supported by them; Take measures against forgery of certificates; Maintain sufficient financial resources Precise terms and conditions regarding the use of the certificate

13. Regulatory Framework - Act 9 July 2001: Liability of CSP (art.14) CSP of qualifiad certificates is liable for damage caused to any entity or legal or natural person who reasonably relies on that certificate: the accuracy of all information the assurance that the signatory identified in the qualified certificate held the signature-creation data corresponding to the signature-verification data given or identified in the certificate; for assurance that the signature-creation data and the signature-verification data can be used in a complementary manner in cases where the certification-service-provider generates them both; In relation to a failure to register revocation of the certificate; AND the CSP does not prove that he has not acted negligently.

14. Supervision & Accredition Ministry of Economic Affairs Procedure described in the Royal Ordinance of 6 December 2002 on the accreditation of Certification Service Providers (CSP) Audit : cf. the requirements BE.SIGN accreditation is valid for three years

15. Final remarks A Q & Thibault.verbiest@ulys.bet www.ulys.netwww.droit.be www.internet-observatory.be