1. Social Perception

2. Non-verbal communication How people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words – Facial expression – Tone of voice – Hand gestures – Body position/posture – Touch – Eye gaze Functions of NVC – Express emotion – Conveying attitudes – Communicating one’s personality traits – Facilitating verbal communication

3. Popularity of NVC in “pop- psychology”

4. Does NVC vary across cultures? Yes, in two respects 1. Emblems—gestures of hand and arms 2. display rules

5. One area in which NVC does not vary across cultures: facial expression of emotion Charles Darwin: The expression of emotions in man and animals (1872) – Concluded that NVC of emotional were species-specific, not cultural-specific

7. factors that can decrease accuracy in face perception Intentional efforts to conceal emotions – Richards & Gross (1999) Consequences Display rules Affect blends/ambiguity

9. Gender and NVC Women more accurate at detecting NVC when the person is telling the truth – One exception to this rule: detection of lying Theoretical explanation – Social role theory (Eagly, 1987) – Two sources of converging evidence Cross-cultural work (Hall, 1978) Experimental research (Snodgrass, 1985, 1992)

10. Snodgrass, 1985 males and females assigned to superior (boss) vs. inferior (employee) roles Four type of dyads DV: accuracy in reading partner’s emotions Results: – Gender makes absolutely no difference! – All driven by role: employee always more accurate than boss – Converges on non-laboratory approach by Hall (1978)

11. Implicit personality theories

12. Inferences about “unseen” traits Olivia intelligent + attractive + honest (inferred) False memories

13. Surprise at inconsistency /attempts to reconcile Olivia intelligent + attractive + Dishonest* (--) *violates implicit personality theory; could lead to Attempt to reinterpret Attribute to situational forces Forgetting Change implicit theory (unlikely, but possible)

14. Evaluatively mixed representations Jack Artistic (painter) (++) Temperamental (--) Disorganized (--)

15. Culture and implicit personality theories Creative (Western cultures) Shi Gu (China) Interesting issue—due to – Language, or – Reality?