1. THE CHALLENGES OF WEARABLE COMPUTING:PART 1 Thad Starner Georgia Institute of Technology IEEE Micro, July-Aug. 2001.

2. Wearables Wearables are generally equated with head-up, wearable displays, one-handed keyboards, custom computers worn in satchels or belt packs. Wearables are generally equated with head-up, wearable displays, one-handed keyboards, custom computers worn in satchels or belt packs. (Fig 1~4) (Fig 1~4)Fig 1~4Fig 1~4

3. Outline What is Wearable computing? What is Wearable computing? Ideal attributes Ideal attributes Why use wearable computers? Why use wearable computers? Mediate interactions Mediate interactions Aid communication Aid communication Provide context-sensitive reminders Provide context-sensitive reminders Augment reality Augment reality Challenges Challenges Power use Power use Heat dissipation Heat dissipation Summery Summery

4. What is wearable computing? Rhodes Rhodes provide portability during operation; enable hands-free or hands-limited use; can attract the user ’ s attention, even when not in active use; can run continuously; and attempt to sense the user ’ s current context. Kortuem et al. augmented reality “ the user interface technique that allows focusing the user ’ s attention and presenting information in an unobtrusive, context- dependent manner. ”

5. What is wearable computing? Mann constant and always ready, unrestrictive, not monopolizing of user attention, observable and controllable by the user, attentive to the environment, useful as a communication tool, and personal.

6. What is wearable computing? 1960 Manfred Clynes and Nathan Kline Cyborg (cybernetic organism) a human and machine combination where the interface becomes a natural extension of the user. This interface would not require much conscious attention. J.C.R. Licklider Man-Computer Symbiosis human brains and computing machines will be coupled together very tightly and that the resulting partnership will think as no human brain has ever thought and process data in a way not approached by the information handling machines we know today.

7. Ideal attributes Persist and provide constant access to information services. Everyday and continuous use. Wearable can interact with the user at any given time. The user can access the wearable quickly and with little effort. Sense and model context. The wearable must observe and model the user ’ s environment, physical and mental state. The user could provide explicit contextual cue to the wearable. The user can identify misunderstanding and explicitly tutor the wearable.

8. Ideal attributes Adapt interaction modalities based on the user’s context. The wearable should adapt its input and output modalities automatically to those that are most appropriate and socially graceful at the time. Augment and mediate interactions with the user’s environment. The wearables should provide universal information support in both the physical and virtual realms.

9. Outline What is Wearable computing? What is Wearable computing? Ideal attributes Ideal attributes Why use wearable computers? Why use wearable computers? Mediate interactions Mediate interactions Aid communication Aid communication Provide context-sensitive reminders Provide context-sensitive reminders Augment reality Augment reality Challenges Challenges Power use Power use Heat dissipation Heat dissipation Summery Summery

10. Why use wearable computers? Some people wear too many computers. PDA, cellular phone, pager, laptop, electronic translator, and a calculator. Mp3 player, audio digitizers, digital camera. These devices all contain very similar components. Microprocessor, memory, screen, keyboard, battery, and in some cases, a wireless modem. The main distinctions between these devices are the interface and the application software. Wearable computers could exploit the commonality in components to eliminate cost, weight and redundancy.

11. Energy-conserving CPU Large data storage LED camera earphone Internet modem --pages, cellular phone, Web browser, E-mail reader

12. Mediate interactions Wearable computers will help provide a consistent interface to computationally augmented objects in the physical world. Wearable computers will help provide a consistent interface to computationally augmented objects in the physical world. Example — Gesture Pendant. (Fig 5) Example — Gesture Pendant. (Fig 5)Fig 5Fig 5 One gesture could provide an intuitive command for many devices. One gesture could provide an intuitive command for many devices.

13. Aid communication The wearable can also assist in human-to- human communication. The wearable can also assist in human-to- human communication. Wearable computers can also help manage interruption in the user ’ s daily life. Wearable computers can also help manage interruption in the user ’ s daily life.

14. Provide context-sensitive reminders Instead of simply acting as a virtual secretary, the wearable could be proactive and intimate, listening to the wearer ’ s conversations and providing reminders as appropriate. Instead of simply acting as a virtual secretary, the wearable could be proactive and intimate, listening to the wearer ’ s conversations and providing reminders as appropriate.

15. Augment reality Augmented reality overlays information- rich virtual realities onto the physical world. Augmented reality overlays information- rich virtual realities onto the physical world. In a sense, augmented reality is a combination of the application domains described previously. In a sense, augmented reality is a combination of the application domains described previously.

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17. Outline What is Wearable computing? What is Wearable computing? Ideal attributes Ideal attributes Why use wearable computers? Why use wearable computers? Mediate interactions Mediate interactions Aid communication Aid communication Provide context-sensitive reminders Provide context-sensitive reminders Augment reality Augment reality Challenges Challenges Power use Power use Heat dissipation Heat dissipation Summery Summery

18. Challenges Power use Power use Heat dissipation Heat dissipation

19. Power use Power is perhaps the most limiting factor in mobile technology. Power is perhaps the most limiting factor in mobile technology. Wearable computing presents particular variations of this problem. Wearable computing presents particular variations of this problem. Solution Solution Create long – lasting power supplies Create long – lasting power supplies Plutonium-238 Plutonium-238 Use primary chemical batteries Use primary chemical batteries Secondary batteries (rechargeable) Secondary batteries (rechargeable)

20. Power use Rechargeable batteries require that the user remember to maintain them. Rechargeable batteries require that the user remember to maintain them. Ideally, recharging the wearable computer and its peripherals should be implicitly coupled with the normal acts of dressing. Ideally, recharging the wearable computer and its peripherals should be implicitly coupled with the normal acts of dressing. Inductive charger Inductive charger Some wearable peripherals could generate power from human actions or from the phenomena they sense. Some wearable peripherals could generate power from human actions or from the phenomena they sense. Keyboard Keyboard shoes shoes Use same power source as the wearer — food Use same power source as the wearer — food military military

21. Power use Scavenge power from the environment. Scavenge power from the environment. Solar power Solar power Radio transmissions Radio transmissions Passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tags Passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tags

22. Heat dissipation Heat dissipation is one of the foremost limiting factors in the design of high-end laptops, and providing heat dissipation is a source of considerable expense. Heat dissipation is one of the foremost limiting factors in the design of high-end laptops, and providing heat dissipation is a source of considerable expense. Make processors tolerate higher temperatures. Make processors tolerate higher temperatures. Make lower-power processors and components Make lower-power processors and components

23. Heat dissipation Feasible for wearable computers Feasible for wearable computers Airflow Airflow Close proximity to the human body to aid in cooling. Close proximity to the human body to aid in cooling. Thermal reservoirs Thermal reservoirs Charging--chill batteries Charging--chill batteries Operation--transfer heat into batteries Operation--transfer heat into batteries Phase-change materials provide an attractive method to compensate for lack of cooling. Phase-change materials provide an attractive method to compensate for lack of cooling. Careful use of resources might help avoid many heat generation crises. Careful use of resources might help avoid many heat generation crises.

24. Summery This article develops goals and challenges for wearable computing, and promotes discussion in design techniques by suggesting methods, albeit sometimes fanciful, of addressing these challenges.