1. “Identification of Appropriate Postharvest Technologies for Improving Market Access and Incomes for Small Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia” Sunil Saran Amity International Centre for Post harvest Technology & Cold Chain Management Commodity Systems Assessment

2.  Identification and description of the problem  Pitfalls in problem analysis  Over-reliance on readily available literature  Over dependence on a few national technicians  Focus on few disciplines instead of overall approach  Timing of project implementation  Biased nature of specialties  Identification and formulation of the solution  Execution of the solution Problem Identification Formulation of solution Solution execution CSAM Problem Identification & Solution Note- The key to problem solution is proper problem identification

3. Components of CSAM The 25 components are grouped into 4 categories- Pre production Production Post Harvest Marketing Components of the project

4. Crops selected for study  Fruit crops Mango Litchi Guava Banana  Vegetable crops Cauliflower Cabbage Okra Brinjal Cucurbits Potato Onion Tomato

5. Government Policies  Various incentives and subsidies ranging from production to post harvest management are provided by National Horticulture Mission (NHM), National Horticulture Board (NHB), State Department of Horticulture, Agricultural & Processed Product Export Development Authority (APEDA) etc.  Small & Marginal farmers are not able to avail these subsidies  Central Insecticides Board & Registration Committee has issued a detailed list of banned pesticides but their usage is continuing (e.g.. Calcium carbide in Mango)  There is no existing price support & control.

6. Facilitating Services  Government Agencies through KVKs, Extension workers, Farmer visits, Farm demonstrations and Fairs provide information on modern technology but nearly 60 % of farmer households in India are not able to access any source of information on modern technology as depicted in the tables:

7. Table 1 :Access to Extension Service Workers as Source of Information on Modern Technology for Farming by Size of Holdings (Percentage of Farmer Households ) 2003 STATE MarginalSmallMarginal & SmallMedium & LargeTotal Andhra Pradesh7.412.28.610.79.0 Arunchal Pradesh10.415.712.84.910.1 Assam5.48.06.05.55.9 Bihar0.40.60.40.30.4 Chattisgarh12.115.113.025.215.5 Gujarat16.929.120.227.421.9 Haryana0.67.01.94.82.5 Himachal Pradesh1.54.22.04.02.1 Jammu & Kashmir2.14.42.58.93.0 Jharkhand0.10.0 Karnataka8.012.99.418.111.5 Kerala3.46.03.66.83.8 Madhya Pradesh7.011.68.89.49.0 Maharashtra5.48.06.410.27.6 Manipur1.20.51.12.61.1 Meghalaya1.31.71.414.43.9 Mizoram1.90.01.30.01.1 Nagaland0.0 Orissa5.08.65.514.26.3 Punjab0.41.40.63.91.4 Rajasthan1.01.41.12.11.4 Sikkim41.252.843.239.842.7 Tamil Nadu12.215.112.617.813.3 Tripura1.47.81.80.41.7 Uttar Pradesh0.81.20.93.11.1 Uttranchal0.40.00.316.31.2 West Bengal3.65.73.711.74.1 All India4.18.14.910.15.7 Note : All India includes the small states Goa, Delhi, Pondicherry & Uts Source : Computed using NSS unit lelvel data 59th Round on Situatin Assessment Survey of Farmers

8. Table 2 : Percentage of Farmers with knowledge of Modern Farming Practices Trhough Training Programmes, KVKs, and Government Demonstrations, (2002-03), (Size Class in Hectares) STATEParticipation in Training ProgrammeKrishi Vigyan KendraGovernment Demonstration Marginal & Small Medium & LargeTotal Marginal & Small Medium & LargeTotal Marginal & Small Medium & LargeTotal Andhra Pradesh0.53.51.10.01.10.24.39.55.3 Arunchal Pradesh11.71.98.39.51.26.713.12.29.4 Assam1.02.61.20.60.70.64.05.64.2 Bihar0.00.20.00.10.00.10.32.50.5 Chattisgarh0.51.90.80.42.00.81.51.01.4 Gujarat0.30.40.30.72.31.13.13.53.2 Haryana0.10.30.10.52.30.90.42.00.8 Himachal Pradesh3.212.63.83.46.83.61.43.61.6 Jammu & Kashmir0.70.20.60.0 1.60.31.5 Jharkhand0.20.50.30.10.20.12.00.01.9 Karnataka1.13.01.50.62.41.12.03.02.3 Kerala2.66.12.88.310.58.42.86.03.0 Madhya Pradesh0.10.90.30.50.30.52.74.33.2 Maharashtra0.51.60.80.11.40.52.23.62.7 Manipur1.50.01.50.0 2.412.92.6 Meghalaya0.40.90.50.0 4.30.03.5 Mizoram0.52.60.91.30.01.10.50.00.4 Nagaland0.60.00.60.0 5.40.05.1 Orissa0.61.50.60.10.00.10.93.41.1 Punjab0.32.90.90.13.20.80.23.40.9 Rajasthan0.21.00.40.70.80.7 0.90.7 Sikkim0.41.90.60.0 3.76.14.0 Tamil Nadu3.86.14.10.10.00.12.410.13.5 Tripura1.60.01.60.10.00.13.90.43.8 Uttar Pradesh0.41.90.60.41.30.50.71.80.8 Uttranchal1.518.12.40.0 0.516.31.3 West Bengal1.02.01.00.30.10.31.90.81.9 All India35.374.637.627.936.628.368.9103.270.6

9. Table 3 :Access to any Government agency as a source of Information on Modern Technology by Size of Holdings (Percentage of Farmer Households ) 2003 STATE MarginalSmallMarginal & SmallMedium & LargeTotal Andhra Pradesh10.710.910.814.011.4 Arunchal Pradesh14.016.315.04.011.3 Assam4.36.04.79.65.3 Bihar1.22.61.44.11.5 Chattisgarh4.98.15.99.76.7 Gujarat12.315.813.217.114.2 Haryana5.57.96.015.18.0 Himachal Pradesh10.929.113.929.214.8 Jammu & Kashmir2.50.92.31.62.2 Jharkhand2.64.82.92.42.9 Karnataka11.613.212.116.113.1 Kerala16.632.717.927.218.3 Madhya Pradesh7.610.18.616.311.1 Maharashtra6.07.46.514.49.0 Manipur3.75.33.912.94.1 Meghalaya4.49.75.63.55.2 Mizoram2.81.12.32.62.3 Nagaland5.16.25.40.05.1 Orissa3.93.13.86.24.0 Punjab4.611.25.917.08.4 Rajasthan2.45.63.34.53.7 Sikkim5.412.76.68.06.8 Tamil Nadu11.415.312.026.814.0 Tripura7.119.07.62.57.5 Uttar Pradesh2.57.53.38.13.8 Uttranchal0.99.31.519.62.5 West Bengal4.46.54.68.04.7 All India5.48.96.112.57.2 Note : All India includes the small states Goa, Delhi, Pondicherry & Uts Source : Computed using NSS unit lelvel data 59th Round on Situatin Assessment Survey of Farmers

10. Availability of Planting Material  Although good quality seeds are available from various sources, their use is limited.  If improved seeds/planting material are provided to all the farmers it would greatly augment production.  The table shows the percentage of farmer households using improved seeds

11. Table 4 :Percentage of Households reporting use of Improved Seeds of the total farmer households STATEMarginal & SmallMedium & LargeAll Marginal & SmallMedium & LargeAll KharifRabi Andhra Pradesh66.671.767.628.038.129.9 Arunchal Pradesh9.613.310.96.721.311.6 Assam33.830.633.434.632.034.2 Bihar33.244.634.042.148.542.6 Chattisgarh10.216.911.67.03.01.1 Gujarat54.883.161.725.638.028.6 Haryana39.873.847.044.375.751.0 Himachal Pradesh54.062.654.552.460.152.9 Jammu & Kashmir40.836.240.438.961.340.9 Jharkhand21.920.021.85.44.65.3 Karnataka61.772.164.318.834.022.6 Kerala15.722.216.012.623.113.1 Madhya Pradesh27.032.828.918.925.721.1 Maharashtra62.985.069.925.346.632.1 Manipur42.344.242.419.424.119.4 Meghalaya3.60.12.93.92.73.7 Mizoram3.23.02.70.0 Nagaland21.836.022.621.725.521.9 Orissa19.119.419.19.58.69.5 Punjab32.685.744.433.887.945.9 Rajasthan51.757.553.627.330.028.2 Sikkim9.513.910.00.90.40.8 Tamil Nadu54.072.256.523.441.325.9 Tripura44.740.744.638.844.738.9 Uttar Pradesh46.954.447.552.360.153.0 Uttranchal16.654.018.616.659.318.9 West Bengal62.569.562.858.261.558.3 All India43.958.746.333.439.434.3 Note : All India includes the small states Goa, Delhi, Pondicherry & UTs Source : Computed using NSS unit level data 59th Round on Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers

12.  Irrigation, Weed Control, Fertilization Practices and Field Sanitation affect production directly but their applications are not Uniform  Irrigation : The figures provided by National Commission on Agriculture show that during summer season 42 % and during winter 56 % of farm areas are under irrigation.  Irrigation is done mostly by flooding. Basin and drip methods are uncommon. Farmers’ Cultural Practices Canal IrrigationTube-well Irrigation

13. Table 5 : Area under Irrigation as Per cent of NCA across Farms StateMarginalSmallSemi-MediumMediumLargeAll Kharif Season Andhra Pradesh55.553.641.448.031.747.8 Bihar77.879.576.768.783.877.5 Chhattisgarh30.029.723.731.340.728.7 Gujarat33.029.737.131.723.132.1 Haryana71.772.068.759.369.166.4 Jharkhand11.510.08.64.80.19.6 Karnataka24.827.428.921.322.725.0 Kerala38.327.430.835.10.034.3 Madhya Pradesh18.724.026.162.925.634.2 Maharashtra26.727.727.626.426.027.0 Orissa16.818.914.137.716.218.8 Punjab101.9103.596.595.9124.4101.9 Rajasthan20.420.025.218.619.820.5 Tamil Nadu71.272.480.475.659.074.0 Uttar Pradesh79.673.968.861.038.972.7 West Bengal54.668.761.150.2**58.8 All-India47.543.840.441.130.542.0 Rabi Season Andhra Pradesh53.0 46.746.533.649.0 Bihar86.380.876.578.696.682.7 Chattisgarh6.96.210.319.927.411.1 Gujarat68.653.835.035.947.343.6 Haryana91.791.183.581.968.384.2 Jharkhand37.139.932.421.6100.039.0 Karnataka27.131.432.923.140.329.5 Kerala35.643.749.562.20.041.2 Madhya Pradesh31.636.038.757.159.046.6 Maharashtra34.832.642.244.638.039.7 Orissa17.215.611.239.1**17.5 Punjab111.397.798.6118.695.6106.7 Rajasthan41.046.351.347.421.740.1 Tamil Nadu47.251.456.880.064.057.4 Uttar Pradesh91.084.581.387.343.485.9 West Bengal78.072.566.086.8**75.5 All India61.455.552.957.347.656.1 Note : All India includes the small states Goa, Delhi, Pondicherry & UTs Source : Computed using NSS unit level data 59th Round on Situation Assessement Survey of Farmers 2003  Irrigation

14.  Weed Control Farmers’ Cultural Practices Contd…. Banana farmTomato field Weeding

15. Table 6 :Percentage of Households reporting use of Fertilizer of the total Farmer Households STATE MarginalSmall Marginal & small Medium & LargeAll Small Marginal Largesmall Marginal & small Medium & LargeAll Andhra Pradesh76.388.879.287.480.824.839.528.339.830.5 Arunchal Pradesh24.734.329.09.922.516.015.916.03.911.9 Assam62.068.363.551.562.053.163.555.537.353.2 Bihar87.796.988.888.988.890.197.791.091.891.0 Chattisgarh71.469.970.963.269.35.97.16.313.97.8 Gujarat71.993.677.789.580.633.041.335.346.137.9 Haryana40.274.747.474.953.247.786.855.882.761.5 Himachal Pradesh79.387.980.789.981.374.273.574.173.074.0 Jammu & Kashmir90.794.191.294.291.478.693.680.894.382.0 Jharkhand76.888.178.694.879.532.842.334.447.635.1 Karnataka81.188.483.292.485.525.737.829.248.233.9 Kerala58.485.460.671.461.147.074.949.358.549.7 Madhya Pradesh49.960.454.069.258.939.858.347.063.852.5 Maharashtra84.391.787.091.488.422.537.528.048.334.4 Manipur48.049.248.294.848.815.119.615.839.616.1 Meghalaya45.434.142.936.841.733.730.132.933.833.1 Mizoram25.232.327.325.727.121.417.320.12.317.1 Nagaland18.829.522.456.924.314.221.316.652.518.6 Orissa76.778.977.066.176.114.019.714.912.714.7 Punjab28.098.842.295.754.131.291.543.295.654.9 Rajasthan65.067.565.747.359.733.738.635.233.134.5 Sikkim28.337.629.939.431.18.515.39.616.910.6 Tamil Nadu67.882.570.182.071.726.537.228.242.530.1 Tripura79.397.380.255.479.758.259.258.272.958.5 Uttar Pradesh76.684.077.880.478.085.994.187.295.588.0 Uttranchal50.467.051.588.553.549.163.750.273.751.4 West Bengal88.096.788.891.388.969.985.471.378.971.6 All India73.981.775.477.475.753.456.854.154.954.2 Note : All India includes the small states Goa, Delhi, Pondicherry & UTS Source : Computed using NSS unit level data 59th Round on Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers  Fertilization Practices

16. Table 7 :Percentage of Households reporting use of Organic Manure of the total Farmer Households STATEMarginalSmall Marginal & small Medium & LargeAll Small Marginal Largesmall Marginal & small Medium & LargeAll Andhra Pradesh63.176.166.180.768.924.033.126.135.728.0 Arunchal Pradesh8.2 0.45.58.915.812.011.311.8 Assam59.572.262.478.664.450.159.452.264.053.7 Bihar30.238.031.145.332.132.844.134.135.034.2 Chattisgarh52.158.454.144.352.02.33.62.76.73.5 Gujarat61.584.367.682.571.322.829.024.535.627.2 Haryana24.449.429.655.935.222.743.627.049.531.8 Himachal Pradesh79.983.080.485.680.781.086.481.989.082.3 Jammu & Kashmir86.686.386.598.187.676.288.878.197.479.8 Jharkhand68.173.268.973.469.230.039.031.541.732.0 Karnataka74.682.676.985.679.022.032.024.944.429.7 Kerala71.677.172.167.271.866.976.967.764.867.6 Madhya Pradesh41.436.039.342.740.437.836.537.343.339.3 Maharashtra58.170.062.572.465.614.624.018.130.922.2 Manipur27.438.529.131.329.223.932.225.221.125.2 Meghalaya30.440.532.644.434.929.730.930.047.933.5 Mizoram20.933.624.628.125.210.114.311.41.99.8 Nagaland77.483.279.372.578.979.688.682.6102.783.7 Orissa66.960.765.956.765.19.611.39.85.89.5 Punjab17.458.825.769.735.515.763.625.367.034.6 Rajasthan55.363.257.655.957.127.428.627.825.727.1 Sikkim96.698.797.098.497.298.095.497.6104.498.5 Tamil Nadu57.769.659.676.561.923.733.725.343.827.8 Tripura20.830.221.332.721.524.621.624.549.925.0 Uttar Pradesh44.058.746.463.347.952.565.354.670.656.0 Uttranchal91.586.591.297.191.5 98.092.093.792.0 West Bengal52.564.053.553.453.541.156.842.547.342.7 All India52.362.654.464.356.036.140.236.940.737.5 Note : All India includes the small states Goa, Delhi, Pondicherry & UTS Source : Computed using NSS unit lelvel data 59th Round on Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers  Fertilization Practices

17.  Use of Pesticide Pesticide sprayingGloves used for harvesting

18.  Use of trellis system in Cucurbits  Although using trellis (Machan) in cultivation of cucurbits, production is nearly three times more as compared to ground-cultivated, but because of high cost of trellis construction (Rs. 30,000/acre), most farmers grow cucurbits on ground. Bottle gourd on groundSponge gourd on groundSponge gourd on trellis

19.  Pruning Practices  In fruit crops like mango, litchi and guava, rejuvenation of old orchard is essential but this is not being followed to the extent required.  Pruning, thinning and canopy management are also neglected  In Litchi the top is cut-back only in old trees when yield goes down considerably. Normally pruning is done at the time of harvesting in which a portion of branch is removed along with the fruits. New fruits appear on such pruned branches.  Training, pruning and canopy management in mango, litchi and guava help in increasing the quality of fruit as well as yield. Hence, these are essentially required in orchard management. Litchi showing vegetative growth in the 2 nd year after top cut-back

20.  Harvesting LitchiMango Potato Okra Tomato Cabbage Cauliflower Banana Sponge gourd

21.  Sorting and Grading Peas Guava Okra Brinjal MangoPotato Tomato Litchi Onion

22.  Packaging Wooden CFBBasket Cloth bundle Gunny bag Used fertilizer bagPlastic Crates Partitioned CFB with liner Poly net sack

23.  Transport Head loadMini truck Rickshaw Truck MuleBullock cart Push cart Horse cart Tractor

24. Packing House Exports Retail Markets Farmers Itinerant TradersAssembly markets Wholesale markets Sub wholesalers Retail shopsInstitutions Super Markets C O N S U M E R S Current Status of Fruit & Vegetable Markets  Marketing

25. On farm Marketing Wholesale Marketing Retail Marketing

26. CommodityMinimum %Maximum % Mango18.5031.00 Litchi32.0048.00 Banana26.0031.00 Guava25.0030.00 Onion23.0032.00 Cucurbit10.0020.00 Okra10.5029.00 Potato19.0028.00 Cauliflower31.0040.00 Cabbage28.0036.00 Brinjal45.0080.00 Tomato30.3039.60 Losses During Harvest & Handling

27. Losses at Retailers’ Level S.No.CropLoss (Kg)Total quantity (Kg)Losses (%) 1Potato5-64012-15 2Onion4-54010-12 3Tomato3-42213-18 4Pea2405 5Cauliflower3-42512-16 6Cabbage420 7Banana2-3100 dozen2-3 8Guava2-31020-30 9Sponge gourd2-31020-30 10Brinjal12-144030-35

28. Stored banana kept cool by ice slabs  Storage

29.  Income & Consumption Table 8 : Income and Consumption per Farmer Household (Rs. Per month), by Size Category of Farmers StateMarginalSmallSmall -medium IncomeConsumptionDifferenceIncomeConsumptionDifferenceIncomeConsumptionDifference Andhra Pradesh12352159-92418372549-71225903045-455 Bihar14392254-81526673246-57944603599861 Chhattisgarh11871754-56716842204-52028582681177 Gujarat19312725-79428153386-5713757369859 Haryana21553820-166529195233-231442895122-833 Jharkhand18141835-2127132149564490126742227 Karnataka19512262-31124742693-21937963262534 Kerala36024075-4736290526210281063971783461 Madhya Pradesh10991973-87411932241-104814392720-1281 Maharashtra17612467-70621832583-40035253026499 Orissa9011578-67714252034-60924562688-232 Punjab28403900-106044625452-99066055860745 Rajasthan14272809-138216503668-201816783875-2197 Tamil Nadu17392285-54622443187-94336583691-33 Uttar Pradesh11982526-132824283728-130039784948-970 West Bengal18622517-65536433877-234599347541239 All India16592482-82324933148-65535893685-96

30.  Income & Consumption contd… StateMediumLargeAll IncomeConsumptionDifferenceIncomeConsumptionDifferenceIncomeConsumptionDifference Andhra Pradesh54794133134694185724369416342386-752 Bihar9526567838482776681741959218102459-649 Chhattisgarh38603716144105005161533916182045-427 Gujarat6355468716685084439169326843127-443 Haryana53536463-1110161108234787628824414-1532 Jharkhand7990277352172343332512018220691897172 Karnataka5178356316151683788447993261626088 Kerala1504588206225*** 40044250-246 Madhya Pradesh30663667-60180006108189214302339-909 Maharashtra624438772367156537241841224632689-226 Orissa37242771953114515314613710621697-635 Punjab137707836593434340130782126249604840120 Rajasthan16824368-26867064939-423314983288-1790 Tamil Nadu9061379352682698490301795420722506-434 Uttar Pradesh79746732124278506776107416332899-1266 West Bengal38645234-1370*** 20792668-589 All India56814626105596676418324921152770-655 Note : All India includes the small states Goa, Delhi, Pondicherry, North Eastern States & UTs Source : Computed using NSS unit level data 59th Round on Situation Assessment Survey of Farmers 2003

31. Exact fertilization dosages to be worked out combining with NPK+FYM+Neem Cake+ Rapeseed Cake+ Azotobacter along with spacing Standardize : - use of growth regulators - use of micronutrients - postharvest management protocols Farm sanitation and pesticide load on crops Application of deoiled alcholic extract of sal seeds for control of Alternaria. Low cost – Low technology food processing Management and Utilization of fruit and vegetable waste Integrated Postharvest Management (100% utilization of the produce) Research Needs

32. Extension /Training Needs  Providing shade on farm for collection, sorting, grading and packaging of produce  Establishment of Zero Energy Cool Chambers of various capacities  Low cost technology for processing tomato concentrate, juice and puree  Solar drying of vegetables  Standardization of cling film packaging  Standardization of technology for packaging in plastic crates with liners  Preparation of different types of organic manures, biopesticide and fungicides  Organic and mineral value addition of site specific crop residues for enrichment of nitrogen, phosphorous and sulphur, its optimization and technology dissemination to farmers

33.  Training women farmers in land, water management and modern farming practices.  Establishment of village extension services and Self Help Groups.  Building effective marketing linkages  Food processing and storage facilities to be established near the farm  Linking small & marginal farmers with processing industries.  Amendment in APMC Act- Delays, Bottlenecks, Vested interests etc. perpetrated by various agencies to be exposed  Bank loans to be made more accessible to marginal and small farmers  Use of GIS and remote sensing to forewarn farmers on impending weather disasters. Advocacy Issues