1. Catholic Reformation 1.Personal renewal. --St. Ignatius Loyola --St. Teresa of Avila 2.Institutional reform. --Council of Trent 3. Joint Declaration on Justification (1999).

2. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) Founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in 1534 –Involved in education and missionary work –Took a vow of absolute obedience to the pope Wrote Spiritual Exercises. Meditations in four parts: –On sins –On Christ’s Life –On Christ’s Passion –On Christ’s Resurrection –Rules for Thinking with the Church

3. St. Teresa of Avila (1515-1582) Paul L. Gavrilyuk Assistant Professor of Historical Theology Reformed monastic life Restored the ideals of poverty and utter dedication to God

4. Council of Trent 1545-1563 Areas in need of reform: –Secularization of hierarchy during Renaissance –Crisis and abuses of papal authority –Ignorance and immorality among lower clergy –Laxity of monastic discipline –Superstitions and abuses (sale of indulgencies)

5. Decisions of the council of Trent On doctrinal issues: 1.On scripture & tradition: p. 112, session 4, first decree. 2.On grace & works: p. 114, chap. 5. 3.Meaning of salvation: p. 114, chap. 7. 4.Number of sacraments: p. 116, session 7.

6. On practical issues: 1.Christian life: p. 111. 2.Indulgencies: p. 120. 3.Education & discipline: pp. 112-13. 4.Celebration of Mass: p. 121. 5.Saints & relics: p. 122.

7. MEDIEVAL CATHOLICISM PROTESTANTISM (16 th c.) SALVATION Offered through the church By grace alone through faith alone Focus on penance & EucharistFocus on personal faith Purgatory & indulgenciesRejected p. & i. Growth in God’s loveTrust in God’s mercy SOURCES OF AUTHORITY Scripture & Tradition Scripture alone External: church hierarchy Internal: individual conscience

8. PIETY Veneration of saints, relicsChristocentric: Christ alone Flourishing church articonoclasm (image-breaking) Elaborate worship servicesSimplicity in worship EDUCATION Highly educated clerical minorityEducated laity, catechisms Philosophy is handmaid of theologyPhilosophy under suspicion Rationalism, scholasticismAnti-rationalism, anti-scholasticism Bible in Latin onlyBible in vernacular languages

9. Historical Consequences of the Reformation Breakdown of church authority: from one Church to many denominations Religious wars Turning towards the Bible & individual believer Correction of some Medieval abuses

10. Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification Signed in Augsburg, Germany, Oct 31, 1999 (date is symbolic) Mutual condemnations of former times do not apply to the Catholic & Lutheran understanding of justification, as presented in JDDJ “Together we confess: By grace alone, in faith in Christ’s saving work and not because of any merit on our part, we are accepted by God and receive the Holy Spirit, who renews our hearts while equipping and calling us to good works.” (JDDJ 15)