1. START08 & HIRDLS Laura Pan November 6, 2007

2. START08 Information Science questions & objectives Payload & campaign dates Modeling effort Opportunities of collaboration from HIRDLS group

3. Project History START was planned by the UTLS initiative at NCAR, in collaboration with a group of university colleagues, for the HIAPER progressive science mission (2005) for test flights NSF declined the funding for University co-Is and suggested a full scale campaign proposal in a later date A limited payload START was conducted by NCAR scientists (Dec 05) (with support from NOAA colleagues) A proposal for START08 with a moderate payload developed over the last two years, lead by a joint PI group (Pan, Atlas, Bowman, Zhang…) NSF LA program suggested a joint payload/operation with Pre- HIPPO (Wofsy). The PI groups considered the payload overlap and flight pattern consistency and agreed to the joint operation

4. Motivations and general questions STE - and chemistry climate interaction (Ozone, Water vapor, particles…) - How well is the new generation of CCMs representing this region and predicting the coupling of dynamics and chemistry in a changing climate? Process-oriented validation for the CCMs - the need for diagnostics that are observables - flux is not an observable, tracer-tracer correlations are, so is the age spectrum - need for a climatology in the UTLS region, also a theoretical framework Chemical and microphysical behavior of the tropopause - what/where are the discoutnuities in the ExUTLS HIAPER infrastructure - platform/instrumentation development - we need exercise to put chemistry instruments on the plane Also need for experience of challenging flight patterns - can we probe convective anvils?

5. Primary Science Objective : Investigate transport processes that impact the chemical-microphysical distribution of the Ex-UTLS

6. Understanding chemical transition and mixing near the Ex- Tropopause –Is the extratropical tropopause better characterized as a surface or a layer? ExTL? –If a layer, how do we identify/define it? What controls its existence/depth? The behavior of the secondary tropopause –What dynamical processes contribute to the occurrence of 2ndry tropopause? –Are there chemical transport processes associated with multiple tropopauses? –What are the microphysical behavior of the region of multiple tropopauses? Key transport pathways –Where are the preferred locations of STE and mixing? –How do we identify the convective impact to UTLS air mass? –What are the key tracer relationships that identifies these pathways?

7. START05 The concept of START08 was tested in a limited scope during START05 Three publications up to date, highlights what we can learn with this new aircraft, in the Ex-UTLS region

8. HIAPER Progressive Science Mission Daybreak before take off 2005-12-21 (November 21 - December 22, 2005) New NSF/NCAR GV Investigators: Laura Pan (PI), Mel Shapiro, Bill Randel, Ken Bowman, Rushan Gao, Teresa Campos Stratosphere-Troposphere Analyses of Regional Transport (START) Experiment

9. Chemical Behavior of the Extratropical Tropopause Laura L. Pan National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder, Colorado, USA K-H cloud, Flt 2005-12-14 Contributors and Collaborators: Mel Shapiro and Al Cooper (NCAR) Kenneth Bowman (Texas A&M) Brian Ridley, Teresa Campos, Bill Randel, Sue Schauffler, Chris Davis (NCAR) Rushan Gao (NOAA) Jennifer Wei and Chris Barnet (NOAA/NESDIS)

10. Historical Models of the Tropopause Palmen & Newton, 1969Shapiro & Keyser, 1990 “The Thermal Tropopause”“The Dynamical Tropopause” (WMO, 1957) (Reed, 1955, Shapiro, 1980; Danielsen etal., 1987; WMO, 1986; Holton et al., 1995;…)

11. Adapted from Chapter 2 WMO (2002), Law, Cox & Haynes Contemporary Concept of Extratropical Transition Layer

12. START Flight 1, 2005-12-01 Pan et al., 2007

13. Sampling the Tropopause Fold First research flight of NSF/NCAR GV, 2005-12-01 GFS based PV=2 surface, 18Z Stratosphere Troposphere

14. Cyclonic side of the jet Chemical behavior of the extratropical tropopause Pan et al., 2007

15. Bowman et al., 2007 Fine scale structure near a hyperbolic point

16. New Particle formation in the tropopause fold Young et al., 2007

17. Frontal Cloud - flt 2005-12-14 120 flight hours, 15 x 8 hr flights (3 Pre-Hippo flights) April 21-May 16, June 16-June 28 Based at JeffCo airport Stratosphere-Troposphere Analyses of Regional Transport (START) Experiment (2008)

18. Co-Investigators: External: Linnea Avallone (CU) James Elkins (NOAA) Fred Moore (CU) Dale Hurst (CU) Steve Wofsy (Harvard University) Fuqing Zhang (Texas A&M) Stratosphere-Troposphere Analyses of Regional Transport Experiment (START08) Co-Principal Investigators: Elliot Atlas (Univ. of Miami), Kenneth P. Bowman (Texas A&M), Laura Pan (NCAR) Science Objective: Investigate transport processes that impact the chemical-microphysical distribution of the Ex-UTLS Mixing on top of the STJ Convective transport Long range transport NCAR: Teresa Campos Andy Heymsfield Andy Weinheimer Frank Flocke Bill Randel Sue Schauffler Brian Ridley Britt Stephens Simone Tilmes April-June, 2008 Flight operation from Jeffco Joint with HIPPO (global carbon) GW

19. START08: Measurements Instrument/ModelData productMission Objective HAIS Twin QCLHigh resolution CO, CO2, CH4, N2OTracer studies HAIS AWASGrab sampling: NMHC, HCFC, RONO2, etc., etc. Tracer studies PANTHER GC/MSMedium resolution: selected trace gasesTracer studies UCATS*GC analysis:CO/CH4; continuous O3 – H2O Tracer studies NCAR/HAIS Fast O3>1 Hz ozone measurementStrat-trop mixing NCAR NO/NOyHigh resolution NO, NOyStrat-trop mixing, convective NO sources RAF TDL H2OHigh resolution H2OMicrophysics, strat- trop processes HAIS SID-2Small ice particle detectorCirrus microphysics HAIS MTPAtmospheric temperature structureStrat-trop processes; tropopause location CU-CLHTotal water measurement; thin cloud detection Microphysics, strat- trop processes NCAR O2:N2Measure of O2:N2 ratioStrat-trop exchange; carbon cycle objective NCAR CO

20. What more do we expect from START08: Stratospheric influence of tropospheric ozone in Spring (the season of highest LS ozone loading) Characterizing major transport pathways using tracers of a range of lifetime Chemical transport and microphysical processes associated with the secondary tropopause Probing convectively influenced air mass Gravity wave source and breaking in the jet stream The broader picture using satellite data Transport and mixing using multi-scale models

21. Extensive/frequent occurrence of the multiple tropopause Randel et al., 2007

22. Tropospheric intrusion into stratosphere associated with the secondary tropopause observed by HIRDLS courtesy John Gille

23. Chemical transport associated with secondary tropopause?

24. Investigating the influence of the secondary tropopause:

25. Influence of the secondary tropopause: Ozonesonde profiles BRATTS LAKE, CAN (50.2N,104.7W)

26. The stations time series cross section

27. Ozone structure in the subtropics near 15 km in ozonesondes

28. Microphysical implications of the secondary tropopause? Noel and Haeffelin, 2007

29. CALIPSO 532 Total Attenuated backscatter

30. Age spectrum derived using NMHC, Ehhalt et al., 2007 Information from tracers of different lifetimes

31. Sharp decrease of the Tropopause at the Sup-tropical Jet Ozone/CO and Ozone/H 2 0: equatorward and poleward of the STJ Ozone CO H2OH2O O 3 (ppbv) Tracer-Tracer correlations from MOZART-3 Model

32. Tracers of different lifetime from MOZART3 model

33. Objectives (con.) Role of gravity waves in the structure and composition of ExUTLS –How well does the current generation of mesoscale models predict the excitation of GW by jet/fronts? –How often do GW break in the ExUTLS and what is the evidence in tracer measurements for the contribution of GW breaking to mixing?

34. HIRDLS contributions NRT data for flight planning? HIRDLS 2007-11-01, Courtesy Eric Ray HIRDLS descending/ascending, Kinnison et al., 2007

35. 125 hPa static stability and PV, FNL, 060123 18Z Signature in the met field for the poleward intrusion

36. HIRDLS data and structure of the Extratropical UTLS Ozone, HNO3, cirrus? H2O?

37. A few actions planned… We plan to have workshop at NCAR Jan 8- 9, 2008, come to talk about your science interest.. A mailing list has been created for all who are interested. Email to subscribe: start_all-subscribe@mailman.acd.ucar.edu A website is created to update the information, in the progress: http://www.acd.ucar.edu/start/

38. Thank You ! Shadows of Monument Valley - Flight 051209