1. Politics and Government in Global Perspective
Chapter 14
Politics and Government in Global Perspective

2. Chapter Outline Politics Power and Authority
Political Systems in Global Perspective
Perspectives on Power and Political Systems
The U.S. Political System

3. Chapter Outline Government Bureaucracy The Military and Militarism
Terrorism and War
Politics and Government in the Future

4. Politics, Power and Authority
Politics is the social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by some people and groups.
Government is the formal organization that has the legal and political authority to regulate relationships among members of a society and between the society and those outside its borders.
The state is the political entity that possesses a legitimate monopoly over the use of force within its territory to achieve its goals.

5. Political Sociology
Political sociology examines the nature and consequences of power within or between societies, as well as the social and political conflicts that lead to changes in the allocation of power.
Political sociology primarily focuses on the social circumstances of politics and explores how the political arena and its actors are intertwined with social institutions such as the economy, religion, education, and the media.

6. How Much Do You Know About the Media?
True or False?
Almost all movies in the United States are distributed by six large studios.

7. How Much Do You Know About the Media?
True.
Six major studios—Columbia, Paramount, 20th Century-Fox, MCA/Universal, Time Warner, and Disney—distribute not only the films they produce but also most of the films made by independent producers.

8. How Much Do You Know About the Media?
True or False?
Both major U.S. political parties have been accused of purchasing television commercials with money from questionable campaign contributions.

9. How Much Do You Know About the Media?
True.
“Soft money” contributions, which are made outside the limits imposed by federal election laws, have allegedly been used by both parties for campaign style ads, but leaders of the national political parties claimed that their own ads were about social issues, not candidates.

10. Power and Authority
Power is the ability of persons or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others.
Authority is power that people accept as legitimate rather than coercive.

11. Ideal Types of Authority
Traditional
Kings, Queens, Emperors, religious dignitaries
Charismatic
politicians, soldiers, entertainers
Rational–legal
elected officials

12. Question Traditional authority is based on:
a leader's exceptional personal qualities.
written rules and regulations of law.
documents such as the U.S. Constitution.
long-standing custom.

13. Answer: d
Traditional authority is based on a long-standing custom.

14. Question
Napoleon, Julius Caesar, Martin Luther King, Jr., Caesar Chavez, and Mother Teresa are examples of:
charismatic authority.
traditional authority.
rational-legal authority.
nontraditional authority.

15. Answer: a
Napoleon, Julius Caesar, Martin Luther King, Jr., Caesar Chavez, and Mother Teresa are examples of charismatic authority.

16. Political Systems in Global Perspective
Political institutions emerged when agrarian societies acquired surpluses and developed social inequality.
When cities developed, the city-state became the center of political power.
Nation-states emerged as countries acquired the ability to defend their borders.

17. Nation-states
Approximately 190 nation-states currently exist throughout the world.
Today, everyone is born, lives, and dies under the auspices of a nation-state
Four types of political systems are found in nation-states: monarchy, authoritarianism, totalitarianism, and democracy.

18. Weber’s Three Types of Authority
Example
Traditional
Patrimony Patriarchy
Charismatic
Napoleon
César Chávez
Mother Teresa
Rational-Legal
Modern British
Parliament U.S. presidency

19. Types of Political Systems
A monarchy is a political system in which power resides in one person or family and is passed from generation to generation through lines of inheritance.
Authoritarianism - A political system controlled by rulers who deny popular participation in government. 

20. Types of Political Systems
Totalitarianism - A political system in which the state seeks to regulate all aspects of people's public and private lives.
Democracy - A political system in which the people hold the ruling power either directly or through elected representatives.

21. Functionalist Perspectives: Pluralist Model
The functions of government:
maintain law and order
plan and direct society
meet social needs
handle international relations

22. Conflict Perspectives: Elite Models
Power in political systems is in the hands of a small group of elites and the masses are relatively powerless.
Decisions are made by the elites, who agree on the basic values and goals of society.
The needs and concerns of the masses are not often given full consideration by the elite.

23. Purpose of a Political Party
Develop and articulate policy positions.
Educate voters about issues and simplify the choices for them.
Recruit candidates, help them win office, hold them responsible for implementing the party’s positions.

24. Political Socialization
Political socialization is the process by which people learn political attitudes, values, and behavior.

25. Voter Apathy
10% of the voting-age population participates at a level higher than voting.
Over the past 40 years, less than half the voting-age population has voted in nonpresidential elections.
In many other Western nations, the average turnout is 80 to 90% of all eligible voters.

26. Question
Have you registered to vote?
Yes No
Not eligible

27. Question
Did you vote in the last election?
Yes No
Not eligible

28. Why Eligible Voters Don’t Vote
Conservative argument:
People are satisfied with the status quo, are uninformed and lack an understanding of government processes.
Liberal argument:
People feel alienated from politics due to corruption and influence peddling by special interests and large corporations.

29. Question
_____ is the process by which people learn political attitudes, values, and behavior.
Indoctrination
Military training
Resocialization
Political socialization

30. Answer: d
Political socialization is the process by which people learn political attitudes, values, and behavior.

31. Question
Generally speaking, do you usually think of yourself as a Republican, Democrat, Independent, or what?

32. GSS National Data Income Low Middle High Democrat 52.9% 48.2% 42.6%
Independent
18.6
17.1
13.8
Republican
28.5
34.7
43.6

33. Voter Preferences in the 2004 Presidential Election
Gender
Republican
Democrat
Men
55%
44%
Women 48 52

34. Voter Preferences in the 2004 Presidential Election
Race /Ethnicity
Republican
Democrat
Whites 58 41
African Americans 11 88
Latinos/as 43 56
Asian Americans

35. Voter Preferences in the 2004 Presidential Election
Age
Republican
Democrat
18–29 45 54
30–44 53 46
45–59 51 48
60 and older

36. Voter Preferences in the 2004 Presidential Election
Education
Republican
Democrat
Did not graduate from high school 49 50
High school graduate 52 47
Some college 54 46
College graduate

37. Voter Preferences in the 2004 Presidential Election
Region
Republican
Democrat
Eastern U.S. 44 56
Midwest 51 49
Southern U.S. 57 43
Western U.S.

38. Voter Preferences in the 2004 Presidential Election
Income
Republican
Democrat
Under $15,000 36 63
$15,000–$29,999 42 57
$30,000–$49,999 48 50
Over $50,000 56 43

39. Question How would you characterize your political views? Far left
Liberal
Middle-of-the-road
Conservative
Far right

40. Percentage of All Federal Civilian Jobs Held by White Men, 2000

41. Example of the Iron Triangle of Power

42. The Military And Militarism
Militarism is a societal focus on military ideals and an aggressive preparedness for war.

43. Explanations for Militarism
The economy.
The role of the nation and its inclination toward coercion in response to perceived threats.
Patriarchy and the relationship between militarism and masculinity.

44. Question
The three-way arrangement in which a private interest group, a congressional committee, and a bureaucratic agency make the final decision on a political issue that is to be decided by that agency is known as:
political subversion.
the iron law of oligarchy.
the iron triangle of power.
the power elite.

45. Answer: c
The three-way arrangement in which a private interest group, a congressional committee, and a bureaucratic agency make the final decision on a political issue that is to be decided by that agency is known as the iron triangle of power.

46. Terrorism
Calculated, unlawful physical force or threats of violence against a government, organization, or individual to gain some political, religious, economic, or social objective.
Political terrorism uses intimidation, coercion, threats of harm, and other violence that attempts to bring about a significant change in or overthrow an existing government.

47. Types of Political Terrorism
Revolutionary terrorism -violence against civilians carried out by enemies of the government who want to bring about change.
State-sponsored terrorism - when a government provides money, weapons, and training for terrorists who conduct their activities in other nations.
Repressive terrorism - conducted by a government against its citizens to protect existing political order.

48. War
Organized, armed conflict between nations or distinct political factions.
Declared wars : between nations or parties.
Undeclared wars: civil and guerrilla wars, covert operations, and terrorism.
War involves behavior intended to bring pain, injury, and/or psychological stress to people or to harm or destroy property.
War is a form of collective violence.

49. War
589 wars have been fought by 142 countries since 1500 and that approximately 142 million lives have been lost.
World War I took the lives of approximately 8 million combatants and 1 million civilians.
In World War II, more than 50 million people lost their lives.

50. Quick Quiz

51. 1. The formal organization that has the legal and political authority to regulate the relationships among members of a society and between the society and those outside its borders is:
government
politics
state
political economy

52. Answer: a
The formal organization that has the legal and political authority to regulate the relationships among members of a society and between the society and those outside its borders is government.

53. 2. A type of political system in which the people hold the ruling power either directly or through elected officials is:
authoritarianism
democracy
monarchy
totalitarianism

54. Answer: b
A type of political system in which the people hold the ruling power either directly or through elected officials is a democracy.

55. 3. The social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by some people and groups is:
government
politics
the state
the political economy

56. Answer: b
The social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by some people and groups is politics.

57. 4. The political entity that possesses a legitimate monopoly over the use of force within its territory to achieve its goals is:
government
politics
the state
the political economy

58. Answer: c
The political entity that possesses a legitimate monopoly over the use of force within its territory to achieve its goals is the state.

59. 5. Rational-Legal Authority has office-holders that are:
recognized for their heritage.
recognized for their personality.
recognized for their abilities.
recognized because they were elected or appointed.

60. Answer: d
Rational-Legal Authority has office-holders that are recognized because they were elected or appointed.

61. 6. All of the following are characteristics of the elite model except that
decisions are made on behalf of the people by leaders who engage in bargaining, accommodation and compromise.
consensus exists among the elite on the basic values and goals of society.
Power is highly concentrated at the top of a pyramid-shaped social hierarchy.
public policy reflects the values and preferences of the elite.

62. Answer: a
Rational-Legal Authority has office-holders that are recognized for their heritage.