2. A Study on Ethnicity of Young Okinawans in Hawai’i By Nari Yamamoto Research Institute for Subtropics Kinmen Island, Taiwan November 2004 Photo by Jon Itomura

3. Outline I Hawai ’ i and Okinawa II Okinawans in Hawai ’ i III Who Are Young Okinawans? IV YOH members V Young Okinawans VI Conclusion

4. Location of Hawai’i & Okinawa Hawai’i Okinawa

5. Sandy beach in O’ahu, Hawaii

6. Oppama beach in Okinawa

7. Similarities between Hawai ’ i and Okinawa Population Location History Economy

8. Hawai’iOkinawa Population 1,211,537 0.7 ％ of USA 1,356,651 1.0% of Japan Location ・ Island State Remote from Mainland ・ Island Prefecture Remote from Mainland History Island Kingdom annexed to USA 1898 Island Kingdom annexed to Japan 1879 Economy Tourism, Agriculture, US military Bases Tourism, Agriculture, US military Bases

9. Ranking of Races in Hawai’i White ・・・ 22 ％ Japanese ・・・ 20 ％ Hawaiian ・・・ 17 ％

10. Okinawans in Hawai’i Japanese ･･･ 262,113 people Okinawan ・・・ 5,998 people

11. Cultural Events in Hawai’i King Kamehameha Festival Aloha Festival Independence Day New Year Festival Bon Festival Okinawan Festival

12. Bon Festival in Kobo-ji temple

13. Okinawan Events in Hawai’i Okinawan Festival Uchinanchu Conference

14. Okinawan Festival

15. Lion dance by YOH

16. Uchinanchu Conference 2003, Oct.

17. Who Are the Young Okinwans? Descendants of Okinawan Immigrants Generations: 2 nd to 5 th Age: 20’s to 40’s

18. Ethnicity/ethnic identity at Hare occasions and daily life may not be the same. VIEWPOINT

19. Ethnicity/ethnic identity of Young Okinawans in Hawai’i YOH （ Young Okinawans of Hawai’i ） members Other Young Okinawans Young Okinawans with Okinawan cultural activity Research Targets

20. Research Method 1.Questionnaires 2.Individual Interviews 3. Observation and Participation

21. Data Analysis Birth Place /Generation Family Life Experience Cultural Activity Ethnicity/Ethnic Identity Future

22. What is YOH? “ Young OKinawans of Hawai ’ i ” Okinawan Bon Dance Team Established in 1981 Members: Okinawans Activities: Bon dance

23. “ ･･･ The keys to the Preservation And Perpetuation Of our Uchinanchu culture In Hawai’i And into the Millennium.” Leaflet of Young Okinawans of Hawaii

24. Bon dance practice

25. Bon festival at Jiko-en temple

26. YOH members ・ Questionnaires （ 27 people ） ・ Individual interviews （ 6 people ） ・ Participation and Observation

27. Young Okinawan with Okinawan Cultural Activity ・ Individual interviews a ． Young Okinawans （ 5 people ） b ． Parents of Young Okinawans （ 2 people ）

28. Okinawan Karate class

29. Okinawan music band Traditional Okinawan music

30. Other Young Okinawan ・ Individual interviews a ． Young Okinawans （６ people ） b ． Grand parents of Young Okinawans （２ people ）

31. ① Complex formation ② Relation between Formation level and Life stage ③ Plural formation in multi-ethnic society

32. ① Complex Formation

33. Bon Dance for Young Okinawans with Cultural Activities ① Matsuri which they used to go with parents or grandparents ② Matsuri which they took their children to ③ Event which they merely had chance to join

34. ② Relation between Formation level and Life Stage

35. Other Young Okinawans ① More influence from Japanese relatives ② Too busy to recognize ethnic culture or identity while they live their everyday life to achieve their goal ③ Not enough information on Okinawa from parents or grand parents ④ Has no chance to aware of their ethnicity

36. Local identity + Okinawa or Japanese ③ Plural and Complex Ethnicity in Multi-ethnic Society

37. Local ① Born and raised in Hawai’i ② Grow up in multi-cultural/ethnic society ③ Society in continental U.S. and Hawai’i is different social position shared with other ethnic groups

38. Okinawa American/Nikkei How to Identify Ethnicity ※ Third generation Okinawan man who has lived in Okinawa before AsianAmerican Continental U.S. Hawai’i Japanese/Okinawan

39. Perpetuation of Ethnicity ・ Perpetuation of Ethnicity has already started

40. Rise of New Culture

41. Concerns for Perpetuation of Ethnicity ・ Growth Number of Marriage between Different Ethnicities ・ Shin-Issei, “New First Generation”

42. For in depth analysis … More samples Comparison with other ethnic groups in Hawai ’ i

43. Ｍａｈａｌｏ to ・・・ YOH members HUOA members Young Okinawans and their families

44. Big Mahalo and Ippei Nihei Debiru!