1. Multilingual Nations Chapter 11 Bonvillain

2. India Enormous linguistic diversity History- Independence in 1947 – English importance – Country’s official language – Constitution protects the right to linguistic choice Standardization – Effects of ‘modernization’ Linguistic Minorities – Mass communication promotes marginalization of minority linguistic communities – Circumstances favoring linguistic diversity include: Little to no job contacts with dominant language speakers Low levels of formal education Tendency for endogamous marriages Lack of migration to other areas

3. Canada English and French are the official languages (p.314) Situational Use – By choosing one language over another, speakers assert their identity and show their sensitivity to their linguistic rights of others (p.317) Attitudes toward languages and speakers – Speech accommodation theory (p.320)

4. The United States Language in the U.S. History – 18thto mid 19 th centuries- encouraged but not forced to speak English by political leaders – Later part of 19 th cent. Attitudes changed Why? Effects of WWII Percentage of diversity (Figure 11.2, p.325) – Spanish 28.1 million – Chinese 2million – Freench 1.6 million – German 1.4 million – Tagalo 1.2 million – Vientamese & Italian 1 million – Asian Pacific Isalnd 7 million – Native American 332,000 people

5. The United States (cont.) Puerto Rican Speakers in New York City – Young males may also speak AAVE – Women are more likely to retain Spanish Bilingual Education – Transitional- model oriented toward assimilation – 1974 U.S. Supreme Court landmark decision in Lau vs. Nichols 20 +children would require bilingual program Controversy of bilingual education? Test & Results

6. Native American Languages Native Americans have resided in this nation for centuries- True “Nativism” Indigenous languages represent diversity 1990 U.S. Census reported 332,000 speakers (at home) The Native American Language Act (p.335) – Encourage Native American language as mediums for instruction…(p.335) 1887 Indian Schools- purpose and effects? Continuity and perseverance of Native Americans

7. Key Points Immigration & the Latino Threat lecture Anchor babies Latino Quebec- (sleeping giant analogy) Media’s biased representations No historical context Hate Speech – i.e. American History X Multiculturalism