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Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar1Modelling Essentials Model Parsimony vs. Model Simplicity.
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Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar2Modelling Essentials Thinking Spatially Begin by thinking about what your [spatial] output will be. You can then subdivide this spatial information product into elements and operators. Recognize spatial patterns. Identify the processes that created the patterns.
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Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar3Modelling Essentials Visible Patterns
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Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar4Modelling Essentials Visible Patterns
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Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar5Modelling Essentials Visible Patterns Measuring Visible Patterns - Landscape Metrics # of patches / area Patch sizes & shapes Patch densities & inter-patch distances Isolation metrics Perimeter-to-area ratios Orientations
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Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar6Modelling Essentials Functional Patterns Not readily visible. Latent Patterns: Threshold dependent Temporally unique
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Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar7Modelling Essentials Tools for Identifying Patterns The Landscape Visual observations by domain experts. Not necessarily the same as the GIS modeller. Observations should be made: At different times of the day; In different seasons; From different perspectives; With different viewing tools.
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Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar8Modelling Essentials Tools for Identifying Patterns Literature Surveys Within-domain surveys. Extra-domain surveys. Knowledge Engineering Domain experts. Expert Systems.
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Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar9Modelling Essentials Tools for Identifying Patterns Maps Variations in themes, scales, projections, perspectives, dimensionalities, symbolisms … Aerial Photography Variations in tone, colour, texture, setting, scale, association, time …
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Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar10Modelling Essentials Tools for Identifying Patterns Satellite Imagery Variations in spectral, spatial, temporal, radiometric resolutions. Digital image analysis. Statistical Techniques Descriptive stats. Correlation, regression. Central tendency; spatial dispersion.
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Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar11Modelling Essentials From Pattern to Process Recognizing the spatial interactions of the problem Sometimes determining the underlying processes that created the patterns; sometimes evaluating the effects of existing patterns on on-going processes.
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Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar12Modelling Essentials From Pattern to Process Go beyond pattern recognition into pattern description. Demers, M.N., 2002. GIS Modeling in Raster. Wiley.
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Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar13Modelling Essentials Types of GIS Models Purpose Models Descriptive Models Describe parts or all of a study area. Passive. E.g. a map. Prescriptive Models Prescribe best solutions. Active. E.g. best location analysis
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Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar14Modelling Essentials Types of GIS Models Methodological Models Deterministic Stochastic Logistic Models Inductive Deductive
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