1. Ancient Greece

2. IndividualsReligion Short-term impact First purely practical theory of illness – no gods needed Long-term impact Used by Galen to develop the theory of Opposites Bleeding and purging became very popular treatments Clinical Observation still used today. Four Humours Clinical Observation

3. Ancient Rome

4. Individual Risk- taking Money Religion Short-term impact His books were very popular and quickly spread across Europe and Arabia Long-term impact The Church backed his ideas. People could not question Galen’s work or correct his mistakes. He also said women should not be doctors. Brain controlled the body Theory of Opposites based on the 4 humours Wrote lots of books but included lots of errors in them.

5. The Dark Ages

6. The Medieval Period

7. The Renaissance

8. Individuals Attitudes Printing Attitudes Technology Short-term impact Showed that Galen could be wrong Long-term impact Made better surgery possible (once they discovered anaesthetics!) Showed that Galen made mistakes Made accurate anatomy books

9. Individuals Printing Experiment Technology Attitudes Short-term impact Not much – many people didn’t believe Harvey and carried on doing bleeding. This contributed to the death of King Charles II. Long-term impact Made successful surgery possible and led to research into blood transfusions. Showed that the Blood circulated around the body

10. The Industrial Period

11. Chance Individuals Risk-taking Technology Short-term impact Saved hundreds of lives, especially after the government paid him to do the first national vaccination programme. Long-term impact Saved thousands from death and disability after smallpox. Inspired people like Pasteur to find more vaccines. Discovered that cowpox could be used as a vaccine to prevent smallpox

12. Chance Industry Individuals Rivalry Communication Short-term impact Inspired people like Koch to look for specific Germs Inspired public health improvements Inspired improvements in surgery Long-term impact Saved millions of lives as vaccines, public health improvements and antiseptics came into use. Made new drugs like antibiotics possible. Discovered that Germs were the cause of disease. With his team, discovered the method for creating vaccines. Created vaccines for Chicken Cholera, Anthrax and Rabies

13. Chance Industry Individuals Rivalry Communication Short-term impact Found the causes of important diseases like TB and Cholera. Made it possible for others to find even more. Inspired Pasteur to beat him! Long-term impact Ehrlich, who worked with Koch, later developed the chemical dyes as ‘magic bullets’ to cure syphilis. These ‘sulphanomides’ were later also used against blood poisoning. Developed a new method of growing germs. Used new industrial dyes to stain germs. Developed new methods of photography to make records of germs he found.

14. Individuals Chance Communication Attitudes Short-term impact Many lives were saved by Nightingale and her nurses in Scutari and in England. She set up training for nurses. Long-term impact The government made training for nurses the law. Nightingale showed that women could save lives and helped change attitudes. Women eventually became doctors. Nightingale took over nursing at the military hospital in Scutari and demonstrated that nursing saved lives. Back in England she used her fame to set up a nursing school and develop nursing as a respectable profession.

15. Individuals Teamwork Communication Attitudes Government Short-term impact Pushed all the boundaries stopping women being doctors and some loopholes were closed as a result. Inspired other women. Long-term impact In 1874 she helped to create the London School of Medicine for Women. In 1876 a law was passed which allowed women to enter train as doctors and surgeons. Went to nursing school to get training to become a doctor. Qualified through the Society of Apothecaries exams. Taught herself French and went to university in Paris to earn her medical degree. Set up the New Hospital for Women in London.

16. Modern

17. Found an interesting mould, tested it and showed that it was safe for animals and killed germs in a dish. Wrote up his work in a science journal. Chance Individuals War Money Short-term impact None – a rather boring article on mould. Long-term impact Florey and Chain found his article and developed the mould into a new drug – penicillin.

18. Communication Team work War Government Industry Short-term impact Enough penicillin was made to save many lives in the final battles of WWII. Long-term impact Millions of lives were saved as a result of antibiotics. Fleming got more credit than Florey and Chain though! Researching germ killers – found Fleming’s article. Developed Penicillin as a drug and proved it worked in humans. Took their ideas to the USA to get the drug manufactured.

19. Teamwork Technology Rivalry Short-term impact Scientists got very excited! Long-term impact Scientists worked out the purpose of specific genes leading to DNA testing for diseases, ‘designer’ babies and the possibility of ‘gene therapy’. Investigated the structure of DNA. Persuaded a member of a rival team to show them a special X-ray photograph. Used the information in the photo to work out the 3-D structure of DNA.