1. S OKOTO C ALIPHATE Ewurakua Dawson- Amoah Brianna Diefenbach Emily Bolger

2. T HINGS TO EXPECT Who were they? Where were they located? When did they exist? What did they do? The Rise and Fall of the Sokoto Caliphate Sokoto Significance

3. S OKOTO C ALIPHATE ● Who established this empire/kingdom ● Founded in 1804 by Uthman dan Fodio who became the first Sultan of Sokoto (the first sarkin-musulmi commander of the faithful) ● Facts on Uthman dan Fodio ● A Fulani religious leader and teacher who lived in the Hausa city state of Hobir ● From exile he called for holy war against the leaders of Gobir and other Hausa city states ● By gathering a large army of Fulani and Hausa supporters, he conquered Gobir and eventually Sokoto, Kano, Katsina, and the other major city states.

4. S OKOTO C ALIPHATE ● Facts Cont’d ● 1815-Uthman dan Fodio’s religious empire included most of what is now northern Nigeria and northern Cameroon ● Also influenced the holy wars in nearby regions and resulted in the creation of Islamic states in Senegal, Mali, and Chad ● He died in 1817-his son Muhammed Bello took charge of the eastern part of the empire which his brother Abdullahi became titular ruler of the western section

5. W HERE AND W HAT Where were they from? ● Was born in the Hausa state of Gobir (now Nigeria) in December of 1754 What facilitates the creation of the empire/kingdom? ● The empire developed as a result of the Fulani jihands (holy wars) which took place in the first decade of the 19 th century.

6. L OCATION Located in: ●Northern Nigeria in Africa ●One of the largest empires in Africa during the 19 th century

7. W HEN DID THEY EXIST Founded in 1804 by Uthman Fodio- The first Sultan of Sokoto. Began to disintegrate in 1890 Fall occurred in 1903

8. W HAT DID THEY DO ? ➢ Served as the center of politics and economics ➢ Strong armies led to successful conquests ○conquered numerous lands ➢ Promoted education ○Leaders contributed books of poetry and texts on religion, politics, and history.

9. T HE RISE OF SOKOTO Developed as a result of Fulani jihads (holy wars) ● Sought to protect/ establish Islamic states Found in 1804 by Uthman dan Fodio religious leader/teacher initiated the jihad After dan Fodio’s death ●Muhammed Bello took charge of eastern part ●Abdullahi- western part Bello eventually took over entire area and by end of his rule in 1837 most populous empire in West Had significant trade over trans-Saharan routes Known for military skills and promoted scholarship-- sparked literary revival with production of religious work

10. T HE F ALL OF SOKOTO British had more influence in the area after Berlin Conference (1884-1885) By 1890 internal rivalry brought civil war European colonial armies encroached on the periphery of the empire ●Wanted more influence on Niger River By 1903 fell to French and British colonial armies Great Britain mainly controlled the empire yet let the Sultan to remain as ceremonial ruler – British ideas of peace, order and government taken into effect

11. S OKOTO SIGNIFICANCE Why wasn’t it conquered during the era of exploration? No benefits to gaining the area No civilizations/governments set up ●Explorers saw no need to try and create one without beneficial trade How did Sokoto Caliphate affect other regions? Provided inspiration for a series of holy wars in other Islamic areas Ideas of literacy and education helped spread the religious beliefs

12. T HINGS TO T HINK ABOUT ❖ Any questions??

13. B IBLIOGRAPHY Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History (New York: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2004). Mudasiru. “Sokoto Caliphate: It’s Rise and Fall.” International Islamic University Malaysia. June 2009. Web. 8 February 2015. Roland Oliver and Michael Crowder, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Africa (New York: Trewin Copplestone Books Limited, 1981); http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6110800.stm. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6110800.stm "Sultanate of Sokoto (Sokoto Caliphate) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed." Sultanate of Sokoto (Sokoto Caliphate) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed. Web. 4 Feb. 2015. “The Fall of Sokoto.” Webpulaaku.net. 1997-2014. Web. 1 February 2015. “Usman dan Fodio and the Sokoto Caliphate.” Countrystudies.us. Web. 1 February 2015. Yoo, Jiwon Amy. “Sultanate of Sokoto.” BlackPast.org: An OnlineReference Guide to African American History. Blackpast.org, 2007- 2015. Web. 28 January 2015.