1. Advanced Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” Effect of Deicing and Anti-Icing Chemicals on HMA Airfield Runways D. Christensen, J. Mallela, D. Hein, E. Kalberer, M. Farrar, and R. Bonaquist FAA Worldwide ATT Conference, April 2010

2. Introduction Some evidence that deicing/anti-icing chemicals (DIAICs) can cause or contribute to premature failure of HMA runways Purpose of this presentation is to summarize recent research on effect of DIAICs on HMA airfield runways

3. Background: Deicing vs. Anti-icing Deicing is the removal of existing ice and/or snow from the runway Anti-icing is application of chemicals to prevent buildup of ice and/or snow on the runway Anti-icing is also performed on airplanes in specific locations, using similar chemicals

4. Background: Chemicals For aircraft deicing, ethylene and propylene glycol most commonly used Potassium acetate most commonly used airfield pavement DIAIC Other chemicals used include sodium acetate, potassium formate and sodium formate Recent shift away from glycols and urea

5. Background: Problems In the 1990s airfields in Norway and Sweden switched from urea to potassium acetate and potassium formate Problems later observed in HMA runways: softening, stripping, degradation, disintegration

6. Summary of Previous Research: Scandinavia, Canada High temperatures probably needed to cause DIAIC-related damage Chemical mechanism not clear; DIAICs might attack asphalt-aggregate bond, and/or soften asphalt binder Damage tends to be more severe for HMA with softer binders, higher air voids

7. Approach in AAPTP 5-3 Develop laboratory test and evaluate DIAIC-related damage (if any) in the laboratory Perform airfield site visits, evaluate possible DIAIC-related damage, take specimens for testing in laboratory Develop recommendations

8. Lab Testing: Aggregates Virginia diabase, 9.5-mm Virginia Limestone, 9.5-mm Mississippi chert/gravel, 12.5-mm Virginia siliceous gravel, 12.5-mm Pennsylvania greywacke sandstone, 9.5-mm

9. Lab Testing: Binders PG 58-28 Two PG 64-22s One PG 76-22, polymer modified

10. Lab Testing: DIAICs Propylene glycol Sodium formate Sodium acetate Potassium acetate All as 2 % solutions in water

11. Immersion/Tension (IT) Test Similar to AASHTO T 283 Gyratory specimens/cores No vacuum saturation 4 days in 2 % DIAIC solution at 60 C Control: 4 days water at 60 C Tensile strength ratio

12. Four Experiments with IT Test Aggregate effects –Five aggregates –Single PG 64-22 binder Binder effects –Three aggregates –Four different binders Air Voids and hydrated lime effects

13. Aggregate Effects Experiment The PA sandstone and MS chert/gravel are highly AS reactive

14. Binder Effects Experiment This confirmed that softer binders are more susceptible to DIAIC-related damage.

15. Air Voids/Hydrated Lime Expt.: Virginia Gravel/PG 64-22 There is possibly some slight DIAIC damage at 7 % air voids

16. Air Voids/Hydrated Lime Effects: Mississippi Chert/PG 64-22 Lower air voids reduce DIAIC-related damage

17. Air Voids/Hydrated Lime Expt.: Mississippi Chert/PG 58-28 In this case, HL also seems to reduce damage

18. Other Laboratory Testing: Surface Tension and Density As found by other researchers, DIAICs reduce the surface tension of water DIAICs can also increase the density of water Decreased surface tension and increased density could aggravate moisture damage

19. Site Visits Four airfields: Boston Logan; Colorado Springs; Boise, Idaho; and Friedman in Hailey, Idaho Inspection of HMA damage Photographs Cores Laboratory tests on cores

20. Boston Logan

21. Friedman Airport

22. IT Test on Field Cores: Water and 2 % Potassium Acetate Solution

23. Conclusions The IT test successfully demonstrated DIAIC-related damage in the laboratory for one aggregate (Mississippi chert) Significant DIAIC-related damage was not observed in mixes made using four other aggregates and in testing of field cores using the IT test

24. Conclusions It appears that DIAIC-related damage is not a widespread problem in North America DIAIC-related damage, when it does occur, appears to be an acceleration of moisture damage, and can be treated in the same way—additives, careful compaction to low/normal air voids

25. Conclusions The IT test appears promising, but lack of a large number of susceptible mixes made complete evaluation problematic Additional research on the IT test would be useful, to confirm its effectiveness in identifying mixes susceptible to DIAIC- related damage

26. Acknowledgments Support of the AAPTP program Monte Symons Co-authors at ARA and WRI Laboratory personnel