1. THE INANIMATE FOREST Commercial Management and Environmental Degradation of Andalusian Forests Historical Context of Energy Supply Nadia Martínez Espinar

2. Introduction Environmental degradation and social abandoning of Spanish forests. Environmental History: main causes of these problems do not rise from the present, but from the past. Drought, soil erosion, deforestation, fire risk, depopulation.

3. Research Cázulas Hypothesis: The situation of our forests has been provoked by changes in the environment´s economic function that happened during the Nineteenth and Twentieth centuries. Hegemony of commercial interests to manage the natural resources. Case Study: Cázulas (Granada-Spain).

4. Research Cázulas

5. Cázulas Municipality of Otívar. Cázulas. Province of Granada Granada Capital

8. Content Transition (19th-20th centuries):  Traditional  Industrial management of natural resources.  Predominance traditional energy sources  predominance modern energy sources. National/International energy context (historical approach) Connection: external influence  changes in Cázulas (research proposal).

9. Traditional Management Beginning Twentieth Century Charcoal-burners, wood-cutters, firewood collection, lime- production, esparto- grass and medicinal plants collection, livestock, hunting, farm- cottages lessees…

10. Traditional Management Beginning Twentieth Century Charcoal-burners, wood-cutters, firewood collection, lime- production, esparto- grass and medicinal plants collection, livestock, hunters, farm-cottages lessees…

11. Traditional Management Beginning Twentieth Century Charcoal-burners, wood-cutters, firewood collection, lime- production, esparto- grass and medicinal plants collection, livestock, hunting, farm- cottages lessees…

12. Traditional Management Beginning Twentieth Century Charcoal-burners, wood-cutters, firewood collection, lime- production, esparto- grass and medicinal plants collection, livestock, hunting, farm- cottages lessees… Energy Supply

13. Direct Use of Forest Product as Energy (Davidsdottir, 2004) Wood fuels  renewable and climate-friendly source. Firewood (benefits and problems). Charcoal (benefits and problems).

14. Modern Management Timber industry Paper and Cellulose Industry. consumers of modern energy

15. TRANSIT FROM TRADITIONAL USE TO INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT Reforestation:  Wood farms  Foreign and rapidly growing species  fire-risky Disappearance traditional uses:  Depopulation of the forest/less watchers  Less cleaning-tasks of the forest (livestock, lime-production, charcoal, firewood) Rural community  wage-earning workers  emigration

16. Transition Forest: source of energy and natural resources (economic complement to rural families) Forest: industries consumers of energy (wage- earning work) Inanimate Forest

17. Source: Rubio, 2005

21. Source: Krausmann, Haberl, 2002

22. Krausmann, Haberl, 2002

23. USA-Energy Consumption by Source, 1635- 2000 (Quadrillion Btu) Source: EIA

24. Case Study Cazulas. Resources Management. Beginning Twentieth Century Types of resources:  Wood exploitation  Resin exploitation  Charcoal and firewood  Livestock  Farm-cottages

25. Case Study Cazulas. Resources Management. The fifties. Disappearance of the Resin exploitation (abandoned trees- ”trametes”) Timber exploitation vs. Livestock use (industrial use vs. Traditional use) The seventies. Radical elimination of non-industrial managements Timber+Hunting (professional)=closed forest

26. Connection: external pressure/changes in Cázulas (ongoing research)  External Influence International market demand (historical evolution). International energy supply (historical evolution).  T ransition in Cázulas. Data compilation: Cázulas archive. Income / Expenses books, since 1890 until 1960.

28. Traditional Energy Sources

29. Thank you for your attention