1. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Strategic Plan for Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Presentation by Prof. D. Panias Project coordinator

2. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM With the PREWARC Project The most important environmental problems from Mining & Metallurgical activities were revealed Mining & Metallurgical activities were revealed

3. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM With this presentation a Strategic Plan for the minimization of wastes from Mining & Metallurgical Activities in FYROM based on IPPC Directives is proposed

4. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM What is a Strategic Plan? An intended Action Plan that could be adopted in order to  Minimize the interactions between Mining & Metallurgical industries with Environment SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

5. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Mining Activities Management of Waste rock Management of Flotation Tailings Actions for closure and after care

6. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Mining activities- Treatment of Solids Waste Rock 1. Prevention of ARD generation a. Covers (Water, dry, oxygen consuming covers) b. Raised groundwater table c. De-pyritization d. Selective material handling 2. Control ARD impact a. Addition of alkaline additives b. Compaction and ground sealing

7. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Treatment of Solids Waste Rock 3. Apply treatment options Passive treatment (wetlands or anoxic limestone drains [open or anoxic]) Passive treatment (wetlands or anoxic limestone drains [open or anoxic] ) Active treatment in a water treatment plant If none of the above, then

8. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Mining activities -Treatment of Solids Tailings Any action that manages tailings in mined-out pits or in dams diverts natural external run-off, applies a safety factor of at least 1.3 to all dams during operation and carries out progressive restoration/revegetation Is suitable

9. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Treatment of Flotation tailings & Waste water Case study from INTREAT project

10. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM V. K. copper mine Tailings dump Waste rock heap Cu concentrate Flotation Process Recycled water Tailings copper smelter Backfill Drainage Saraka wastewater Neutralization Open pit wastewater Discharging to natural receivers Old Bor open pit Sludge ore recycling

11. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Mining Activities Closure and After Care of ARD potential waste rock and flotation tailings management facilities

12. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Closure and After Care – Operating Mines Develop closure and after care plans during the planning phase of the operation Develop closure and after care plans during the planning phase of the operation Update them over time Update them over time

13. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Closure and After Care –Closed mines Care for Acid Generation Control Care for Acid Generation Control Monitoring Monitoring

14. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Metallurgical Activities Emissions Dusts Slags

15. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Metallurgical Activities Emissions

16. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Gas emissions treatment- PCDD/F & PCB PCDD/F & PCB 1. End of Pipe Techniques Well optimised Post-Combustion followed by rapid cooling - full combustion of CO and H2 in order to avoid uncontrollable reactions in gas cleaning equipment - full combustion of CO and H2 in order to avoid uncontrollable reactions in gas cleaning equipment - reduction of organic compounds emissions - reduction of organic compounds emissionsand/or Injection of lignite dust before entering the bag filter

17. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Gas emissions treatment- heavy metals Heavy metals 1. End of pipe techniques- Abatement Collection in high performance fabric filters

18. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Metallurgical Activities Dusts

19. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Dusts Dusts Hoods or complete evacuation of the unit 1. Process Integrated Techniques – Minimization of dust 2. End of pipe Techniques – Abatement & Treatment of dusts Fabric filters, Wet scrubbing, Dusts Re-use (eg. Cement additive)/Recycling, Controlled disposal

20. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Metallurgical Activities Slag

21. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Treatment of slag Slag Recycling, Re-use Controlled disposal 1. Process Integrated Techniques – Minimization of slag generation 2. End of pipe Techniques – Treatment Re-design of process

22. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Energy Production Lignite & Coal Combustion Plants Emissions Fly Ash Wastewaters

23. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Energy Production Emissions

24. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Gas emissions -SO 2 SO 2 1. End of pipe Techniques – Treatment of gases Flue-gas desulphurization (wet scrubbing [lime/limestone], spray dry scrubbing using lime slurry, dry sorbent injection of lime slurry) Combined techniques for the reduction of NO x and SO 2

25. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Gas emissions treatment - NO x NO x Air / fuel staging, Low NO x burner 1.Process Integrated Techniques – Minimization of NOx Waste gas de-nitrification (high cost) selective catalytic reduction by NH 3 or urea to N 2 and H 2 O (170 - 500 o C) selective catalytic reduction by NH 3 or urea to N 2 and H 2 O (170 - 500 o C) selective non catalytic reduction by NH 3 to N 2 and H 2 O (850 – 1100 o C) selective non catalytic reduction by NH 3 to N 2 and H 2 O (850 – 1100 o C) 2. End of pipe Techniques – Treatment of gases Combined techniques for the reduction of NO x and SO 2 activated carbon process with NH 3 injection  activated carbon process with NH 3 injection  high surface area alumina process

26. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Gas emissions treatment - CO CO Complete Combustion Well optimized system for the reduction of NO x emissions 1. Process Integrated Techniques – Minimization of CO generation 2. End of pipe Techniques – Treatment of gases

27. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Energy production Fly ash

28. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Waste solids treatment- fly ash Fly ash Controlled landfill Re-use Pretreatment – Immobilization of pollutants Landfill according to Council Directive 1993/31/EC

29. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Energy production Waste waters

30. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Waste water treatment 1. Process Integrated Techniques – Reduced waste water discharge 2. End of pipe Techniques – Treatment Flocculation Neutralization Sedimentation Ammonia reduction Recirculation Filtration Ion exchange Oil removal Re-design of process

31. Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM Treatment of oil contaminated water Oil contaminated water Gravity separation of free oil, Emulsion breaking, using emulsion breaking chemicals, Removal of oil by skimming tanks or any other effective device, Storage facilities for the skimmed oil and the sludge if the oil cannot be recycled immediately, Waste oil to be used as fuel in cement kilns as well as in other sectors (blast furnaces, ceramic and brick kilns, lime kilns), Disposal in landfills is illegal