1. Aldehydes and ketons Formaldehyde. Acetaldehyde. Chloral hydrate.
Benzaldehyde.
Aceton.
Acetophenone.

2. It contains variety of chemical compound including benzoate, ceosol,, benzaldehyde, y-terpineol, nerolidol, isohytol, phytol and acetic acid
Chloral Hydrate is a sedative/hypnotic drug used to treat insomnia

3. Solid micro crystalline
Aldehydes and ketons
acetophenone
aceton
benzaldehyde
Chloral hydrate
acetaldehyde
formaldehyde
aromatic
aliphatic
True liq. oily
True liq. mobile
Solid micro crystalline
Liq. mobile solution
colorless
white
characterstic
pungent

4. Ignition test acetophenone benzaldehyde Chloral hydrate aceton
acetaldehyde
formaldehyde
inflammable
Non inflammable
luminous -
Nonluminous
smoky
No smoky
volatilization
melting
No change
No residue

5. Acid base character acetophenone benzaldehyde Chloral hyderate aceton
acetaldehyde
formaldehyde
immiscible
soluble
miscible
H2O
Not done
No change
No chang
L.P
Dil HCl
10% NaOH ?
H2SO4
All neutral

6. Preliminary test Soda lime test: Only for solid
Few chlorahydrate +few soda lime in mortor →sweety odor of chloroform odor
Do not smell

7. Benzyl alc.+ benzoic acid
30%NaOH :
It is done for compound with no ᾳ hydrogen like aromatic aldehyde( bezaldehyde) and formaldehyde:
In this case Called self oxidation –reduction reaction .
Called cannizzaro᾿s reaction.
Difficult to be done ( need time and high temp.)
Methanol + formic acid
Benzyl alc.+ benzoic acid

8. in case of compound with ᾳ hydrogen like acteldehyde.
Called aldol condensation:
Dil acetaldehyde + xss 30% NaOH →yellow resin of bad apple odor
B-hydroxy aldehyde

9. Chlorahydrate: chlor. +30%NaOH on cold but some times need to warm → sweety odor of chloroform +oily droplet.
Aceton and acetophenone: no reaction.
Fecl3:
All no reaction.
Conc. H2SO4:
no reaction with all except with chlorahydrate.
Few chlorahydrate + Conc. H2SO4 on cold →sepration of oily layer of chloral

10. 2,4 dinitrophenyl hydrazine test:
General test
2,4 dinitrophenyl hydrazine test:
silver mirror test (tollen᾿s reagent test or ammonical silver nitrate test:
fehling reagent test or fehling reduction test

11. 1 ml of ald. Or keton + 3 dps of reagent Aor B then shaking
2,4 dinitrophenyl hydrazine test
1 ml of ald. Or keton + 3 dps of reagent Aor B then shaking
Reagent A
For aldehyde and keton miscible in H2O
Reagent B
For aldehyde and keton immiscible in H2O
Formaldehyde acetaldehyde
Chlorahydrate aceton
Benzaldehyde
acetophenone

12. formaldehyde: yellow ppt.
Acetaldehyde: yellow orange ppt.
Chlorahydrate: no reaction ( yellow color)
Aceton: orange yellow ppt.
Benzaldehyde: orange ppt.
Acetophenone: orange ppt.

13. silver mirror test (tollen᾿s reagent test or (ammonical silver nitrate test
1-5 ml of silver nbitrate + 1 dp 10% NaOH →black ppt. of Ag2O (SLIVER OXIDE) + dil. NH4OH until clear solution obtained
1 ml tollen᾿s reagent + 1ml aldehydes or ketons heat on water bath for 10 minutes then cool on rack
اكسدة الالدهيد بواسطة كاشف تولينز حيث يختزل ايون الفضه الى الفضه المعدنيه التي تنفصل على هيئة مراة

14. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde: rapidly give silver mirror.
Chlorahydrate and benzaldehyde: silver mirror after longer time on the water bath.
Aceton and acetophenone : no reaction..

15. fehling reagent test or fehling reduction test
Mix equal amount of fehling A + B to give blue color of cupric ion
Few aldehydes or ketons + few Na2CO3 + fehling mix and put it in water bath
Formaldehyde actaldehyde : rapidly change in color.
Chlorahydrat and benzaldehyde: take longer time to change the color.
تتأكسد الالدهيدات بكاشف فهلينج ويختزل ايون النحاس الثنائي الى احادي متحولا الى راسب اكسيد النحاس ذي اللون الاحمر المائل الى البني
yellow or red ppt. of cuprous oxide
Aceton and acetophenone: no reaction

16. Specific test benzaldehyde acetaldehyde formaldehyde Aldehydes test
No reaction
Crimson red color
Salicylic acid test:
Alds +salic. a. +Conc H2SO4
No rection
Yellow resin
(dil. Acetaldehyde)
-ve result
(yellow color)
Iodoform test:
Alds.+ 10% NaOH* +Xss iodine (wait)
Red color
(dil. With water to see it)
Clear with light
No red color
Na nitroprusside test:
alds.+ Na nitro. +10%NaOH
Needle crystal of benzoic acid -
Auto oxidation test:
Iodoform test : should put NaOH then iodine
Na nitro prusside test : should add Na nitro prusside befor NaOH

17. Soda lime test: sweety odor of chloroform.
acetophenone
aceton
Ketones test
Yellow ppt.
Iodoform test:
Red color
Na nitroprusside test:
Violet color in organic layer
(dissolve acetophenone in ethanol)
Deep violet color slowly fade
Meta dinitro benzen test:
Kets. + meta dinitro benzene+ Xss 10% NaOH (Shake)
chlorahydrate
Soda lime test: sweety odor of chloroform.
Conc. H2SO4: sepration of chloral layer.
30% NaOH: oily droplet and chloroform odor

18. IR location
C-H stretching band of aliphatic under 3000 cm -1.
C-H stretching band of aromatic above 3000 cm-1.
Carbonyl group stretching band of aldehyde at 1725 cm-1.
Carbonyl group stretching band of ketone at 1715 cm-1