1. Auxiliary Views Chapter 7

2. 2 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Objectives Create an auxiliary view from orthographic views Draw folding lines or reference-plane lines between any two adjacent views Construct depth, height, or width auxiliary views Plot curves in auxiliary views

3. 3 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Objectives (cont.) Construct partial auxiliary views Create auxiliary section views Produce views to show the true length of a line, point view of a line, edge view of a surface, and true size view of a surface

4. 4 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Objectives (cont.) Show the true size of the angle between two planes Construct the development of prisms, pyramids, cylinders, and cones Use triangulation to transfer surface shapes to a development Create the development of transition pieces

5. 5 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Objectives (cont.) Graphically solve for the intersection of solids Apply revolution to show true length edges and true size surfaces

6. 6 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Understanding Auxiliary Views An auxiliary view is an orthographic view that is not a standard projection Auxiliary views allow principal faces of features that are not parallel to the standard planes of projection to appear true shape and size

7. 7 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Primary Auxiliary Views A primary auxiliary view is projected onto a plane that is perpendicular to one of the principal planes of projection and is inclined to the other two

8. 8 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Primary Auxiliary Views

9. 9 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Revolving a Drawing Some times it is easier to visualize and draw and auxiliary view when revolved to the position of a regular view It should be understood that an auxiliary view basically is like any other view

10. 10 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Revolving a Drawing

11. 11 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Classification of Auxiliary Views Auxiliary views are named for the principal dimension shown in the auxiliary view such as: Depth auxiliary Height auxiliary Width auxiliary

12. 12 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Successive Auxiliary Views From primary auxiliary views, a secondary auxiliary view can be drawn Third auxiliary views can be projected from secondary views An infinite number of successive auxiliary views may be drawn

13. 13 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Successive Auxiliary Views

14. 14 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Reference Planes Instead of using one of the planes of projection, reference planes parallel to the plane of projection and touching or cutting through the object are used in auxiliary views Reference planes should be positioned so it is convenient to transfer distances

15. 15 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Reference Planes Reference lines, like folding lines, are always at right angles to the projection lines between the views A reference plane appears as a line in two alternate views, never in an adjacent view

16. 16 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Reference Planes Measurements are always made at right angles to the reference lines or parallel to the projection lines In the auxiliary view, all points are at the same distances from the reference line as the corresponding points are from the reference line in the alternate view, or the second previous view

17. 17 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Reference Planes

18. 18 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Circles and Ellipses in Auxiliary Views Circular shapes appear as elliptical when viewed at an angle other than 90°

19. 19 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Hidden Lines in Auxiliary Views Generally hidden lines should be omitted in auxiliary views unless they are needed to clearly communicate the drawing’s intent

20. 20 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Hidden Lines in Auxiliary Views

21. 21 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Partial Auxiliary Views Partial auxiliary views are often sufficient to convey information and may be easier to read Usually a break line is used to indicate the imaginary break in the views

22. 22 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Partial Auxiliary Views

23. 23 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Half Auxiliary Views If an auxiliary view is symmetrical, and to save space or time, a half auxiliary view may be drawn

24. 24 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Auxiliary Sections An auxiliary section is simply an auxiliary view in section The cutting plane line indicates both the location of the cutting plane and the direction of sight for the auxiliary section

25. 25 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Auxiliary Sections

26. 26 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Uses of Auxiliary Views Auxiliary views are used to show: True length of a line Point view of a line Edge view of a plane True size of a plane

27. 27 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Understanding Developments and Intersections A development is a flat representation or pattern that when folded together creates a 3D object An intersection is the result of two objects that intersect each other Sheet metal construction is the most common application for developments and intersections

28. 28 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Ruled Surface A ruled surface is one that may be generated by sweeping a straight line, called a generatrix, along a path which may be straight or curved Any position of the generatrix is an element of the surface A ruled surface may be a plane, single curved surface, or a warped surface

29. 29 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Ruled Surface

30. 30 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Plane A plane is a ruled surface that is generated by a line, one point of which moves along a straight path while the generatrix remains parallel to its original position

31. 31 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Plane

32. 32 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Single-curved Surface A single-curved surface is a developable ruled surface that can be unrolled to coincide with a plane Any two adjacent positions of the generatrix lie in the same plane Examples are the cylinder and the cone

33. 33 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Double-curved Surface A double-curved surface is generated by a curved line and has no straight-line elements A surface generated by revolving a curved line about a straight line in the plane of the curve is called a double- curved surface of revolution Examples are the sphere, torus, ellipsoid, and hyperboloid

34. 34 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Warped Surface A warped surface is a ruled surface that is not developable No two adjacent positions of the generatrix lie in a flat plane Warped surfaces cannot be unrolled or unfolded to lie flat

35. 35 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Warped Surfaces

36. 36 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Revolved and Extruded Solids A revolved solid is created by revolving a plane figure about an axis An extruded solid is formed by sweeping a shape along a linear path Solids bounded by warped surfaces have no group name

37. 37 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Revolved Solids

38. 38 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Extruded Solids

39. 39 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Principles of Intersections Typical examples of the need for accurate drawings showing the intersections of planes and solids include: Openings in roof surfaces for flues and stacks Openings in wall surfaces for pipes, chutes, etc. The building of sheet-metal structures

40. 40 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Principles of Intersections For solids bounded by plane surfaces, you need only find the points of intersection of the edges of the solid with the plane and join these points in consecutive order with straight lines

41. 41 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Principles of Intersections For solids bounded by curved surfaces, it is necessary to find the points of intersection of several elements of the solid with the plane and to trace a smooth curve through these points The intersection of a plane and a circular cone is called a conic section

42. 42 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Developments The development of a surface is that surface laid out on a plane Practical applications of developments occur in sheet-metal work, stone cutting, pattern making, packaging, and package design

43. 43 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Triangulation Triangulation is simply a method of dividing a surface into a number of triangles and transferring them to the development Since the development is symmetrical, only have the development needs laid out

44. 44 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Triangulation

45. 45 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Revolution Revolution, like auxiliary-view projection, is a method of determining the true length and true size of inclined and oblique lines and planes

46. 46 Technical Drawing 13 th Edition Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. Revolution