2.  William James I – self as knower, experiencer, present tense, story teller Vs. Me – self as known, experienced, past tense, story

3. Components of Me: Physical – awareness of appearance Social – awareness of others’ perceptions Spiritual – awareness of qualities, attributes

5.  Organized set of constructs pertaining to ones self ◦ Research emphasis is on processing information Fred Athletic masculine Jogs Tennis beer No quiche Pizza Republicans

6.  Effects ◦ Perceptions of others  Use central traits in perceiving others ◦ Self memory  Recall schema-consistent behaviors

7. Different from self-concept? Evaluation Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale Mean = 29.2; Quartiles = 25/34

8.  Stable or Unstable? ◦ Individual Differences ◦ ◦ Self complexity

9.  Does high self esteem have positive benefits? ◦ California self esteem funding Academic?

10. Crime? Risky behaviors (drugs, etc.)?

11. Interpersonal relations? Job performance?

12. Subjective Well Being (Happiness) Depression

13. Why SE – Depression relationship? Self esteem as buffer Self-discrepancy theory (Higgins); relationship due to real-ideal discrepancy Real Self Ideal Self Ought self

14.  Major Cultural Dimension (transmitted):  Individualism  Individualism – Individuals’ goals have priority  Vs.  Collectivism  Collectivism – Groups’ goals have priority

15.  Individualism = Independent self  Collectivism = interdependent self Self Friend Mother Self Friend Mother

16.  Cultural Differences in Self Reflected in Language: ◦ Independent/individualist:  1 st person singular pronoun  Non pro-drop (pronouns usually required)  Family name last ◦ Interdependent/collectivist:  Pronouns marked for relationship  Pro-drop (pronouns optional)  Family name first

17.  Selected Manifestations of Cultural Differences in Self: ◦ Fundamental Attribution Error ◦ Cognitive Dissonance ◦ Locus of Control

18.  How and When does Self-Concept Develop? ◦ Awareness of Physical Self at 18-24 mos.  Development as Social Process (Mead) ◦ Reciprocal Role-Taking  Imagine how perceived by others (social me)  Some feedback but misinterpretations possible  Generalized Other: Me = sense of how perceived by people in general ◦ Self concept dependent on others

19.  Evidence for Self as Social Construct ◦ Humans/chimps raised in isolation ◦ Myamoto & Dornbush  Collect ratings of:  Beliefs about how perceived by specific others (e.g. other frat. members)  Beliefs about how perceived by people in general  How one is actually perceived by others (other frat. members)  Self ratings

20.  Evidence for Self as Social Construct ◦ Mere presence (Morse & Gergen): ◦ Male Ps apply for job ◦ Complete application forms including self esteem measure ◦ Another job applicant (confederate) enters  Mr. Clean  Mr. Dirty ◦ Social comparison and Instability

21.  Entirely Dependent on Others?  Strategies for Lessening Influence of Others: ◦ Choose with whom to interact  Prefer self-consistent or positive feedback? ◦ Choose with whom to compare  Downward social comparison ◦ Behavioral Confirmation  Swan study:  Dominant and submissive Ps given contradictory feedback  Act to confirm self view

22.  Ervin Goffman (self-presentation/impression management)  Act so as to convey desired image (Behavioral Confirmation)  Personality = performance (no internal traits) ◦ “All the worlds a stage, ◦ And all the men and women merely players”  Self influenced by others’ perceptions; but actively strive to influence others’ perceptions

23.  1. Everything we do carries identity implications (can be used in impression formation) ◦ Choices regarding personal appearance, room appearance, consumer products, etc.  Gosling and Music choices:  Blues, jazz, classical and folk: "reflective and complex"  Heavy metal and alternative: "intense and rebellious“  rap/hip-hop, soul/funk: "energetic and rhythmic” ◦ Cannot not communicate

24.  2. People take implications into account in order to convey a particular image ◦ Habitual/automatic and Conscious/deliberate ◦ Always self presenting? Exceptions? ◦ Positive images only?  Braginsky, Braginsky, & Ring  Schizophrenia and self-presentation  Interview for release or backward