1. 預防保健與就醫診療 台灣家庭醫學醫學會 秘書長李汝禮

2. 前言：醫師是做什麼的？ 醫生，古代稱大夫或郎中，指學習醫學或行醫的人， 醫生也叫杏林，專指醫術精良，醫德高尚的醫家。 華 陀 Hippocrates

3. 民眾的健康醫療照護 就醫診療 ( disease treatment) 預防保健： 疾病預防 ( disease prevention ) 健康促進 ( health promotion ) 個人健康照護 VS 群體健康照護

4. 就醫診療 S (Subjective Data ）：自覺症狀徵候，包括 主訴、現在病史、過去病史及個人史 … 。 O (Objective Data) ：檢查發現，包括診療發 現及各種檢查報告 … 。 A (Assessment) ：診斷評估，即診斷 (Diagnosis) 或臆斷 ( Impression ) 。 P (Plan) ：治療計劃，包括各種處置、醫令 或處方。

5. 預防保健 篩檢 screening 群眾篩檢 vs 個人病例發現 ( case-finding ) 諮詢介入 ( counseling intervention ) 疫苗接種 ( immunization ) 化學預防 ( chemoprophylaxis )

6. 預防性健康照護的實證依據 美國預防服務工作小組 ( U.S.Preventive services Task force,USPSTF ) 加拿大預防性健康照謢工作小組 ( Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care, CTFPHC ) 社區工作小組 ( Community Task Force, CTF )

7. Overview of Process of Recommendation Development AHRQ:the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality USPSTF:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force EPCs:Evidence-based Practice Centers

8. Procedures for Developing a Recommendation Statement

9. Analytic Framework with Key Questions-1

10. Analytic Framework with Key Questions-2 1.Does screening for X reduce Morbidity and/or Mortality? 2.Can a group at high risk for X be identified on clinical grounds? 3.Are there accurate (i.e., sensitive and specific) screening tests available? 4.Are treatments available that make a difference in intermediate outcomes when the disease is caught early, or detected by screening?

11. Analytic Framework with Key Questions-3 5.Are treatments available that make a difference in morbidity or mortality when the disease is caught early, or detected by screening? 6.How strong is the association between the intermediate outcomes and patient outcomes? 7.What are the harms of the screening test? 8.What are the harms of the treatment?

12. Recommendation Grade Definitions Grade Definitions After May 2007 Grade Definitions Prior to May 2007

13. Grade Definitions After May 2007-1 Grade A The USPSTF USPSTF recommends the service. There is high certainty that the net benefit is substantial. Offer or provide this service

14. Grade Definitions After May 2007-2 Grade B The USPSTF recommends the service. There is high certainty that the net benefit is moderate or there is moderate certainty that the net benefit is moderate to substantial. Offer or provide this service

15. Grade Definitions After May 2007-3 Grade C The USPSTF recommends against routinely providing the service. There may be considerations that support providing the service in an individual patient. There is at least moderate certainty that the net benefit is small. Offer or provide this service only if other considerations support the offering or providing the service in an individual patient.

16. Grade Definitions After May 2007-4 Grade D The USPSTF recommends against the service. There is moderate or high certainty that the service has no net benefit or that the harms outweigh the benefits. Discourage the use of this service.

17. Grade Definitions After May 2007-5 Grade I Statement The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of the service. Evidence is lacking, of poor quality, or conflicting, and the balance of benefits and harms cannot be determined. Read the clinical considerations section of USPSTF Recommendation Statement. If the service is offered, patients should understand the uncertainty about the balance of benefits and harms.

18. Levels of Certainty Regarding Net Benefit-1 High ： The available evidence usually includes consistent results from well-designed, well- conducted studies in representative primary care populations. These studies assess the effects of the preventive service on health outcomes. This conclusion is therefore unlikely to be strongly affected by the results of future studies.

19. Levels of Certainty Regarding Net Benefit-2 Moderate ： The available evidence is sufficient to determine the effects of the preventive service on health outcomes, but confidence in the estimate is constrained by such factors as: The number, size, or quality of individual studies. Inconsistency of findings across individual studies. Limited generalizability of findings to routine primary care practice. Lack of coherence in the chain of evidence. As more information becomes available, the magnitude or direction of the observed effect could change, and this change may be large enough to alter the conclusion.

20. Levels of Certainty Regarding Net Benefit-3 Low ： The available evidence is insufficient to assess effects on health outcomes. Evidence is insufficient because of: The limited number or size of studies. Important flaws in study design or methods. Inconsistency of findings across individual studies. Gaps in the chain of evidence. Findings not generalizable to routine primary care practice. Lack of information on important health outcomes. More information may allow estimation of effects on health outcomes.

21. Grade Definitions Prior to May 2007-1 A—Strongly Recommended: The USPSTF strongly recommends that clinicians provide [the service] to eligible patients. The USPSTF found good evidence that [the service] improves important health outcomes and concludes that benefits substantially outweigh harms.

22. Grade Definitions Prior to May 2007-2 B—Recommended: The USPSTF recommends that clinicians provide [the service] to eligible patients. The USPSTF found at least fair evidence that [the service] improves important health outcomes and concludes that benefits outweigh harms.

23. Grade Definitions Prior to May 2007-3 C—No Recommendation: The USPSTF makes no recommendation for or against routine provision of [the service]. The USPSTF found at least fair evidence that [the service] can improve health outcomes but concludes that the balance of benefits and harms is too close to justify a general recommendation.

24. Grade Definitions Prior to May 2007-4 D—Not Recommended: The USPSTF recommends against routinely providing [the service] to asymptomatic patients. The USPSTF found at least fair evidence that [the service] is ineffective or that harms outweigh benefits.

25. Grade Definitions Prior to May 2007-5 I—Insufficient Evidence to Make a Recommendation: The USPSTF concludes that the evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against routinely providing [the service]. Evidence that the [service] is effective is lacking, of poor quality, or conflicting and the balance of benefits and harms cannot be determined.

26. Quality of Evidence-1 Good: Evidence includes consistent results from well- designed, well-conducted studies in representative populations that directly assess effects on health outcomes.

27. Quality of Evidence-2 Fair: Evidence is sufficient to determine effects on health outcomes, but the strength of the evidence is limited by the number, quality, or consistency of the individual studies, generalizability to routine practice, or indirect nature of the evidence on health outcomes.

28. Quality of Evidence-3 Poor: Evidence is insufficient to assess the effects on health outcomes because of limited number or power of studies, important flaws in their design or conduct, gaps in the chain of evidence, or lack of information on important health outcomes.

29. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/pocketgd.htm

30. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force

32. 謝謝聆聽 敬請指教！ 祝您健康、幸福！ 家醫學會 李汝禮