1. Religion and the Scientific Revolution Readings: Readings: Smith, et al., 670-672

2. Aristotle/Ptolemy Universe

3. Medieval Universe

6. Sixteenth Century  Collapse of Certainties  Islamic conquest of Constantinople  Discovery of New World  Protestantism—no religious certainty  Skepticism; Question Everything

7. Calendar Problem and the Gregorian Calendar of 1582 Different calendars in use in different parts of world Different calendars in use in different parts of world Pope Gregory XIII – couldn’t figure out when Easter ought to be any more (1 st Sunday after the 1 st full moon after the Vernal Equinox) Pope Gregory XIII – couldn’t figure out when Easter ought to be any more (1 st Sunday after the 1 st full moon after the Vernal Equinox) Needed to fix calendar – based on movements of moon or sun Needed to fix calendar – based on movements of moon or sun

8. Nicolas Copernicus Polish Clergyman Polish Clergyman Cracow Cracow Italy Italy Idea that God must do things in the simplest way! Idea that God must do things in the simplest way! Contribution: Hypothesis Contribution: Hypothesis

10. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) Danish Nobleman Danish Nobleman Assisted by sister Sophie Assisted by sister Sophie Built Observatory Built Observatory Observed new star Observed new star Earth fixed at center Earth fixed at center Sun, Moon around the earth. Sun, Moon around the earth. Contribution: Data Contribution: Data

11. Sophie Brahe Chemist, Horticulturist, healer, historian, astronomer Chemist, Horticulturist, healer, historian, astronomer Maybe more systematic than older brother Maybe more systematic than older brother He wasn’t always convinced that women could do science, but recognized her intelligence He wasn’t always convinced that women could do science, but recognized her intelligence

13. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Worked with Brahe Worked with Brahe Liked Simplicity of Copernican Theory Liked Simplicity of Copernican Theory Analyzed Data Analyzed Data Three Laws of Motion were his three theories – mathematical, but main conclusions: Three Laws of Motion were his three theories – mathematical, but main conclusions: –Orbits ellipses –Time it takes to move around the sun related to distance Contribution: Analyzed data to shed light on hypothesis Contribution: Analyzed data to shed light on hypothesis

14. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Improved one of first telescopes Improved one of first telescopes Used glasses (first in West, China had them from Song Dynasty) Used glasses (first in West, China had them from Song Dynasty) Experiments dropping things Experiments dropping things Contribution: Experiments to Test Theories, Mathematics as Language of Science Contribution: Experiments to Test Theories, Mathematics as Language of Science Church tried him Church tried him –Forced to recant ideas –Could only publish in Holland

15. Trial of Galileo

16. Sir Francis Bacon English English Scientific advances will bring social PROGRESS Scientific advances will bring social PROGRESS Establish Progressive Stages of Certainty Establish Progressive Stages of Certainty Foundation of experimental science Foundation of experimental science Gather data—through experiments if necessary Gather data—through experiments if necessary Must be repeatable Must be repeatable Contribution: Inductive Method of Science Contribution: Inductive Method of Science

17. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) French Mathematician French Mathematician Extreme Skeptic Extreme Skeptic Doubt could be used to produce certainty Doubt could be used to produce certainty Deductive Method Deductive Method Analytic Geometry Analytic Geometry Foundation of theoretical science Foundation of theoretical science Human reason could unlock universe and prove existence of God Human reason could unlock universe and prove existence of God Emphasis on human reason irked Church—moved to Holland Emphasis on human reason irked Church—moved to Holland Contribution: Deductive Method of science: a+b+c = a+ (b+c) = (b+c) + a = c+(b+a) Contribution: Deductive Method of science: a+b+c = a+ (b+c) = (b+c) + a = c+(b+a)

18. Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) English English Religious Religious Felt that the order in the universe proved God’s existence. Felt that the order in the universe proved God’s existence. Developed mathematics of moving bodies: Differential calculus Developed mathematics of moving bodies: Differential calculus Laws of Universal Gravitation Laws of Universal Gravitation Foundation of modern science and social science thought Foundation of modern science and social science thought Contribution: synthesis of “scientific revolution” Contribution: synthesis of “scientific revolution”

19. Law of Universal Gravitation Planets and the Earth’s moon move at uniform speeds proportional to their weight and to their distance from the sun Planets and the Earth’s moon move at uniform speeds proportional to their weight and to their distance from the sun Every body in the universe attracts every other body with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them Every body in the universe attracts every other body with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them This same law explains both motion in the heavens and on earth This same law explains both motion in the heavens and on earth So perfect, these rational principles must prove the existence of God So perfect, these rational principles must prove the existence of God For Newton, little contradiction between human reason and the existence of a Creator/God For Newton, little contradiction between human reason and the existence of a Creator/God