2. Properties/Characteristics of living things (LT) 1. Cellular organization - made of 1 or more cells 2. Reproduction - able to reproduce 3. Metabolism - obtain/use energy to run life processes 4. Homeostasis - maintain consistent internal environ 5. Heredity - pass traits to offspring 6. Responsiveness - respond/adjust to environment 7. Growth and development - grow/develop Section 1-1

3. Cell Structure/Function: All LT are made of 1 or more cells Cell is smallest unit of life, yet complex Membrane surround/protect all cells Reproduction: Organism makes more of its own kind from one generation to the next Section 1-1

4. Metabolism: Sum of all chemical reactions carried out by an organism Almost all energy used by a LT was originally captured from sunlight Homeostasis: Maintain constant internal environment w/in cell If unable to maintain homeostasis, then organism may become ill and die Section 1-1

5. Heredity: Passing of traits (genes) from parent to offspring Genes are encoded in DNA deoxyribonucleic acid Change (∆) in DNA is a mutation and most are harmful, but some may help organism to survive Evolution: ∆ in species over a very long period of time Species are similar organisms that can produce fertile offspring Natural selection occurs in organisms w/ favorable traits that help them survive/reproduce Section 1-1

6. Ecology/Interdependence: Organisms are dependent on each other and their environment Ecology studies interactions of organisms w/ one another and w/ nonliving parts of the environment Section 1-1

7. Ways Biology is Making Our Life Better Preserving our environment Improving food supply Understanding human genome Fighting disease Section 1-2

8. Preserving our Environment: Conservation biologists are exploring ways to achieve a balance between people’s growing need for land and the need to preserve the environment. Improving Food Supply: Genetic engineering of plants has made some resistant to herbicides, or poisonous to pests, or more nutritious. Section 1-2

9. Understanding Human Genome: Genome is the complete genetic material contained in an individual. Government-funded and private research teams completed sequencing of the human genome on 4/14/2003; ≈30,000 genes Section 1-2

10. Fighting Diseases (dz): AIDS: dz caused by HIV; virus attacks/destroys immune system Cancer: growth defect in cells; breakdown of mechanism that controls cell ÷ Biologists are fighting new dz not known in the past (West Nile virus, mad cow dz) Gene Therapy: replace defective gene w/ normal one. Researchers believe it is possible to use a virus to transfer normal copy of a gene into a cell (Cystic fibrosis CF, Muscular dystrophy MD) Section 1-2

11. Scientific Process/Method: Section 1-3

12. Observation: act of noting/perceiving objects/events using the senses TASTE Section 1-3

13. Observations Lead to Questions: Hypothesis: explanation that might be true; statement that can be tested by additional observations or experimentation Prediction: expected outcome of a test, assuming hypothesis is correct Section 1-3

14. Testing the Hypothesis: Experiment: planned procedure to test hypothesis Control group : group in experiment that receives no experimental tx; necessary for comparing results of experiment Independent variable: factor that’s changed in experiment Dependent variable: variable measured in experiment, its outcome depends on what is done to independent variable. Section 1-3

15. Drawing Conclusions: Once data are collected/analyzed, conclusion is made as to whether data support hypothesis Theory: set of related hypotheses tested and confirmed many times by many scientists Theory unites/explains a broad range of observations Word theory is used by general public means a guess, or lack of certainty, but in science a theory is a well-supported scientific explanation that