1. Advances in Lightning Detection Kerry Anderson Canadian Forest Service Edmonton, Alberta Kerry Anderson Canadian Forest Service Edmonton, Alberta

2. IntroductionIntroduction The atmosphere is an electrical environment. The Earth has a natural net-negative charge that is countered by an equal and opposite charge in the atmosphere. Convective activity in the atmosphere collects and redistributes this charge within clouds.

3. IntroductionIntroduction Lightning is a release of charge buildup that occurs within a cloud. This exchange of charge can occur within a cloud, between clouds, from a cloud to clear air, or between a cloud and ground.

4. Lightning Detection

5. The current associated with each stroke within a lightning flash is thousands of amps in strength. This current sends out electromagnetic waves that can be detected and mapped with lightning detection systems. There are two principle techniques of detecting lightning: Magnetic direction finding (MDF) Time of arrival (TOA) The current associated with each stroke within a lightning flash is thousands of amps in strength. This current sends out electromagnetic waves that can be detected and mapped with lightning detection systems. There are two principle techniques of detecting lightning: Magnetic direction finding (MDF) Time of arrival (TOA)

6. Lightning Detection Magnetic direction finding (MDF) detects the electromagnetic signature of a cloud to ground lightning flash. Detection by two or more antennae (a.k.a. direction finders) within a network are used to triangulate on the lightning flash location. An antenna consisting of two orthogonal loops picks up the magnetic field associated with a flash. The relative strengths within each loop determines the direction to the flash.

7. Lightning Detection Time of Arrival (TOA) technique uses the difference in the time when the electromagnetic signature of a lightning flash is detected by two or more sensors within a network.

8. Company Histories

10. The magnetic direction finding technique was pioneered in the 1970s by Dr. E. Philip Krider, Dr. Burt Pifer and Dr. Martin Uman, at the University of Arizona. The first operational MDF system was developed for use in Alaska for the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) in 1976. Lightning Location and Protection, Inc. (LLP) developed a commercial MDF product and made it widely available in the 1980s. The magnetic direction finding technique was pioneered in the 1970s by Dr. E. Philip Krider, Dr. Burt Pifer and Dr. Martin Uman, at the University of Arizona. The first operational MDF system was developed for use in Alaska for the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) in 1976. Lightning Location and Protection, Inc. (LLP) developed a commercial MDF product and made it widely available in the 1980s.

11. Company Histories The Time of Arrival technique was first developed by Dr. Rodney Bent and Dr. Walter Lyons. A prototype system was designed and tested in 1982. The Lightning Position and Tracking Systems (LPATS) was made commercially available by Atmospheric Research Systems, Inc. (ARSI). The Time of Arrival technique was first developed by Dr. Rodney Bent and Dr. Walter Lyons. A prototype system was designed and tested in 1982. The Lightning Position and Tracking Systems (LPATS) was made commercially available by Atmospheric Research Systems, Inc. (ARSI).

12. Company Histories Global Atmospherics Inc. (GAI) was formed by the Sankosha Corporation of Japan. Sankosha purchased and reorganized three of the world’s leading companies LLP, ASRI and GeoMet Data Services. The new company combined both MDF and TOA systems to run off the same detection device: the IMPACT sensor. Global Atmospherics, Inc. was later bought out by Vaisalla Instruments. Global Atmospherics Inc. (GAI) was formed by the Sankosha Corporation of Japan. Sankosha purchased and reorganized three of the world’s leading companies LLP, ASRI and GeoMet Data Services. The new company combined both MDF and TOA systems to run off the same detection device: the IMPACT sensor. Global Atmospherics, Inc. was later bought out by Vaisalla Instruments.

13. Company Histories Recently, Time of Arrival Systems Inc. has developed the Advanced Lightning Positioning System (ALPS™) based on the time of arrival technique.

14. National Networks

15. US Networks 1984-1989: Three isolated networks were developed in the US. 1989: Regional networks agreed to share the data, creating the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN). 1989: Regional networks agreed to share the data, creating the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN). 1991: Real-time and historic information becomes commercially available 1991: Real-time and historic information becomes commercially available

16. US Networks Recently, TOA Systems has set up a similar national system, the United States Precision Lightning Network (USPLN).

17. Canadian Networks In Canada, provincial forest protection agencies set up individual lightning detection networks in the early 1980s.

18. National Networks In 1998, Environment Canada set up the Canadian Lightning Detection Network (CLDN), which runs in conjunction with the NLDN as the North American Lightning Detection Network (NALDN).

19. Network Performance

20. The CDLN has a detection efficiency of 90% or more for most of Canada. The CDLN has a location accuracy of 500 metres of less for most of Canada.

21. Network Performance The USLPN has a detection efficiency of 95% or more for most of the US and southern Canada. The USLPN has a location accuracy of 150 metres or less for most of the US.

22. Lightning Climatology

23. Lightning Climatologies Data over several years can be used to build lightning climatologies for Canada and for Alberta. Days of observed Lightning within 20x20 cell

24. Lightning Forecasts

25. Environment Canada has recently begun producing lightning forecasts. Based on the work of William Burrows, these forecasts predict the probability of lightning occurrence for Canada at 24 km resolution in 3-hr intervals to 48 hours. Environment Canada has recently begun producing lightning forecasts. Based on the work of William Burrows, these forecasts predict the probability of lightning occurrence for Canada at 24 km resolution in 3-hr intervals to 48 hours. Lightning Forecasts

26. Lightning data was collected from the North American Lightning Detection Network (NALDN). The CMC Global Environmental Model (GEM) was used to provide predictors for the model.

27. Lightning Forecasts Predictive models were built using tree-structured regression. Separate models were built for 5 o x 5 o cells for each predictive period. Predictive models were built using tree-structured regression. Separate models were built for 5 o x 5 o cells for each predictive period.

28. Lightning Forecasts Probability of lightning occurrence.

29. Lightning Forecasts Most likely category of lightning occurrence.

30. Lightning-caused Fire Prediction

31. The process of lightning-caused fires can be broken into three distinct stages: Lightning-caused Fire Prediction The number of lightning-caused fires can be predicted by modelling the probabilities of each of these stages. Ignition Survival Arrival

32. Probability maps can be produced from daily weather. Lightning-caused Fire Prediction

33. Lightning can be layered upon the daily probability maps to predict lightning-caused fires. Lightning-caused Fire Prediction

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