1. Forming The Start Up Venture Which Structure is Right for You? Gregory W. Gribben, Esq. Woods Oviatt Gilman LLP October 9, 2012

2. Greg Gribben is a partner with the law firm of Woods Oviatt Gilman LLP. His practice is focused in the areas of corporate finance, securities and venture capital. This practice includes the representation of issuers in public and private offerings of securities and venture capital transactions. He assists clients in structuring company formation and capitalization, and in negotiations with equity and debt providers. With over 18 years of experience, he has represented both corporate buyers and sellers in asset, stock and merger transactions. He also counsels businesses with corporate governance and compliance issues. He is admitted to practice law in the states of Arizona and New York.

3. Forms of Conducting Business, Generally Corporation Limited Liability Company Partnership Sole Proprietorship

4. Selecting the Form of Business Entity Non-Tax Factors Liability Management – concentrated or shared? Allocation of profit and loss Growth plans, expectations of investors

5. Selecting the Form a Business Entity Tax Factors Flow through taxation (“C” corp. vs. “S” corp., partnership or LLC) Allocation of profit and loss Other tax matters (real estate, oil and gas, other specialized areas)

6. Selecting the Jurisdiction General Rule – promoters of a business that will primarily do business in one State should normally select that State One level of expense Limit the number of States for litigation Local taxes still apply to owners of flow- through entities

7. Selecting the Jurisdiction Considerations for Arizona Resident Businesses Benefits of Arizona over other jurisdictions Expectations of Investors Other common jurisdictions –Delaware –Nevada

8. Specific Types of Entities Corporations Limited liability - protects personal assets of shareholders Corporate formalities – must follow corporate formalities to help ensure limited liability protection –Director and shareholder annual meetings, –Meeting minutes or resolutions, –Annual report with Arizona Corporation Commission.

9. Specific Types of Entities Corporations “C” corporation –Taxable entity separate from its shareholders Corporate earnings, shareholder dividends Sale of corporate assets – gain on sale, distributions of proceeds to shareholder Net operating losses, only available to corporation

10. Specific Types of Entities Corporations “S” corporation – generally not treated as a separate taxable entity and pays no income tax. Corporate level income and deductions pass through to the shareholders “S” corporation allows shareholder-employees to save on payroll taxes compared to partnerships, LLC’s –shareholder-employee payroll taxes only cover profit labeled as "salary." Must be reasonable, but the remainder can be paid as a dividend or distribution

11. Specific Types of Entities Corporations “ S” corporation requirements: –No more than 100 shareholders –Limited in types of shareholders (U.S. natural persons or certain trusts) –Limited to one class of stock “Phantom” Income – must pay tax on income even if no cash is distributed

12. Specific Types of Entities Limited Liability Companies Limited Liability More flexibility in operations; –Less paperwork to maintain entity form –Can give power to one or more managers, or share among members –Allocations of profit and losses Generally, absence of entity level tax –Multi-member LLC’s generally taxed like a partnership with flow-through tax treatment –Single member LLC’s disregarded for tax purposes, taxed like a sole proprietor –May also elect to be taxed as “S” corp. or “C” corp.

13. Specific Types of Entities Limited Liability Companies Note: Arizona LLC’s – publicly filed Articles of Organization must identify and update 20% owners Courts have not tested the limited liability protection of LLC’s as much as corporations (high risk businesses may consider corporations for this reason)

14. Specific Types of Entities Partnerships Limited Partnerships, General Partnerships, Limited Liability Partnerships General partners - liable for all of the partnership liabilities Limited partners - generally liable only to the extent of their investment in the partnership, unless they actively participate as limited partners in the management of the partnership General Partnerships, Limited Liability Partnerships – more prevalent in professional practice – attorneys, accountants, etc. Limited Partnerships – more prevalent as investment vehicles – real estate projects, private equity funds, venture capital funds

15. Specific Types of Entities Sole Proprietorship Not a business entity Personally liable for all of the debts and liabilities created by his or her proprietorship. Does not permit more than one owner

16. Other Considerations Operating Agreement Shareholder Agreement

17. Questions?

18. Contact Gregory W. Gribben, Esq. Woods Oviatt Gilman LLP 2 State Street127 North Gateway Drive 700 Crossroads BuildingSuite 118 Rochester, New York 14614Phoenix, Arizona 85034 Phone: 585-987-2875Phone: 602.633.1793Fax: 585-987-2975 E-mail: ggribben@woodsoviatt.com www.woodsoviatt.com