1. Agenda – Tuesday, January 14 th Psychologist Speed Dating Research terms – Research steps – Operational Definition Homework: Reading Guide #2 & Reading quiz  WEDNESDAY

2. Speed Dating 1.) Introduce yourself 2.) Share your accomplishments and other information about yourself 3.) Explain your prop 4.) Listen for the question Be sure to take notes while listening to fellow psychologists!

3. Questions What influenced you to enter the field of Psychology? What are you most proud of from your career? If given the choice, what other psychologist(s) would you collaborate with?

4. Agenda – Wednesday, January 14 th Research reading quiz Operational Definitions – Bizarre Facts – Handedness activity Homework: Exam #1  Wednesday, January 21 st

5. Psychology = SCIENCE Relies on the Scientific Method – Coming up with a research question – Forming a hypothesis – Testing the hypothesis – Analyzing the results – Drawing a conclusion – Creating a theory

6. Psychology = SCIENCE Research relies on OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS – A statement of procedures used to define research variables Examples – Right vs. left handed – When is homework “on time?” – Self-actualization

8. Operational Definitions What does it really mean to be “right handed” or “left handed?” – Example: Right handed people tend to live longer than left handed people. Memory improves with regular exercise Participating in team sports builds character

9. Agenda – Thursday, January 16 th Review exam components Research terms – Pseudoscience – Confirmation Bias Types of studies notes Begin research FRQ

10. Exam #1 Date: Wednesday, January 21 st Exams are 40% of total grade Will take the entire hour (may NOT return later to finish questions) Will consist of… – 25-35 multiple choice questions from past AP exams – One FRQ with a provided checklist

11. Pseudoscience Claims presented as science, but without research adequate research to support it. To be science, something must be falsifiable (able to be disproven) – Remember…Psychology = SCIENCE Religious explanations are respected and taken into account in psychology, but they are not Falsifiable, and thus separate from Science.

13. Examples of Pseudoscience Holding Therapy for Attachment. Vaccines cause Autism. Balance bands (for arms and necks) Amber baby teething necklaces Astrology (Events determined by placements of planets & stars) Freudian Thought (It used to be the best explanation)

14. Confirmation Bias Thinking welfare recipients are lazy & only noticing individuals that fit that belief. Accurately predicting the next song on the radio, but not remembering times you were wrong. Focusing only on vaccinated individuals who came down with Autism, while ignoring those without. Thinking violent video games cause violent acts & only noticing mass shooters who played them. Contributes to Overconfidence in our beliefs Causes Illusory Correlations

15. Agenda – Friday, January 16 th Finish research problems Types of studies – Experimental elements – Practice FRQ Homework: NONE

16. Accepted Research must be… Both Reliable & Valid If your scale is off by five pounds and you weigh yourself each day…it is reliable in that you receive consistent results each day because the scale is ALWAYS five pounds off, but it is INVALID because you are not truly measuring what you intend to measure. Reliability: Hitting the same mark consistently; producing consistent and stable results Reliability does not ensure Validity!!!! Validity: How well a test measures that it intends to

17. Error and Bias Error (associate with reliability) Error, as a technical term, refers to random variability in results. Some degree of error is inevitable in psychological research, as a researcher can never precisely control all the extraneous variables that can influence a measure of behavior Too much error is what causes unreliability Bias (associate with validity) Bias, as a technical term, refers to nonrandom effects caused by some factor or factors unnecessary to the research hypothesis i.e. Confirmation bias, hindsight bias, gambler’s fallacy, etc.

22. Agenda – Tuesday, January 20 th Finish research notes! – Group assignments – Groups share Homework: Exam #1  TOMORROW

23. Case Studies Pros Cons Detailed analysis of a single or a few subjects (Ex. Freud’s Research) Phineas Gage

24. Surveys gather information on personal characteristics Population (The ENTIRE group) Representative Sample (Larger=Better) Stratified Sampling (Race, Class, Gender Proportions) Random Selection (Everyone has = chance) Pros Cons

25. Naturalistic Observation Observe behavior in a natural setting Can’t impact the behavior of participants! (Otherwise a Field Experiment) ProsCons Paul Ekman David Rosenham Participant Observation

26. Experiments Subjects should be randomly assigned to either group Control Group (No Ind. Var.) Dependent Variable Experimental Group (Indp. Var.) Dependent Variable Single-Blind: Subjects uninformed of group. Double-Blind: Researchers also uninformed. Limits Experimenter Bias Limits Participant Bias Can be given a placebo. Controls for psychological effects. The IV is what you expect to cause a change in the DV. Only way to establish Causation!!! Subjects selected (Random or Stratified) from Population. Con: Hawthorne Effect

27. Experimental Example A psychologist is curious about the effects of explanation before a procedure and if people truly have a “sixth sense.” He takes one group of people, blindfolds them, and asks if they can feel any energy when he holds a quarter within 10-12 inches of their palms. 25% of participants say yes, they feel energy. He repeats this process with another group, but tells them before the procedure that it’s very common for people to experience a “knowing feeling” when the quarter is held near them. This time, 68% of participants say yes, they feel energy.

28. Correlational Studies Perfect Negative Correlation Perfect Positive Correlation Trying to establish a relationship between 2 variables. Helps predict behavior Corelation≠Causation (Ex. Shoe Size & Intelligence) Scatterplot 1 Shows a Negative Correlation As one variable ↓, the other ↑ Scatterplot 2 Shows a Positive Correlation Both Variables Move Together CC=-.63 CC=+.79 No Correlation Correlational Coeffecient: Shows Strength of Correlation -1--------------------0--------------------1 Regression Line Y’=a+bx Closer points=stronger correlation

29. http://www.tylervigen.com/

31. Correlational Studies Correlation is NOT Causation Example…Ice-cream sales and drowning numbers have a positive correlation. Does ice-cream cause drowning?! ??

32. Correlational Studies Age and fluid intelligence have a negative correlation Does age cause a decline in fluid intelligence?

33. Standard Deviation