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2.  Cognition  mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating  Concept  mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people  Prototype  mental image or best example of a category  Algorithm  methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

3.  Heuristic  simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently  Representativeness  Availability

4. Unscramble S P L O Y O C H Y G

5.  Insight  sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem  Confirmation Bias  tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions  Fixation  inability to see a problem from a new perspective

6.  Mental Set  tendency to approach a problem in a particular way  Functional Fixedness  tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions

7.  Overconfidence  tendency to be more confident than correct  tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments  Framing  how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments

8.  Belief Bias  the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning  sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid or valid conclusions seem invalid  Belief Perseverance  clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

9.  Language  our spoken, written, or gestured works and the way we combine them to communicate meaning  Phoneme  in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

10.  Morpheme  in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning  Grammar  a system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others

11.  Semantics  the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language  also, the study of meaning  Syntax  the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

12.  Linguistic Determinism  Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

13.  Gestured Communication

14.  Intelligence Test  a method of assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores

15.  Intelligence  ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

16.  Factor Analysis  statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test  used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one’s total score  General Intelligence (g)  factor that Spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abilities  measured by every task on an intelligence test

17.  Savant Syndrome  condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill

18.  Social Intelligence  the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully  Emotional Intelligence  ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions

19.  Creativity  the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas  expertise  imaginative thinking skills  venturesome personality  intrinsic motivation  creative environment

20.  Mental Age  a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet  chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance  child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8

21.  Stanford-Binet  the widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test  revised by Terman at Stanford University

22.  Intelligence Quotient (IQ)  defined originally the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100  IQ = ma/ca x 100)  on contemporary tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

23.  Aptitude Test  a test designed to predict a person’s future performance  aptitude is the capacity to learn  Achievement Test  a test designed to assess what a person has learned

24.  Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)  most widely used intelligence test  subtests  verbal  performance (nonverbal)

25. From Thorndike and Hagen, 1977 VERBAL General Information Similarities Arithmetic Reasoning Vocabulary Comprehension Digit Span PERFORMANCE Picture Completion Picture Arrangement Block Design Object Assembly Digit-Symbol Substitution

26.  Standardization  defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group”  Normal Curve  the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes  most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

28.  Reliability  the extent to which a test yields consistent results  assessed by consistency of scores on:  two halves of the test  alternate forms of the test  retesting  Validity  the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

29.  Content Validity  the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest  driving test that samples driving tasks  Criterion  behavior (such as college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict  the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity

30.  Predictive Validity  success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict  assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior  also called criterion-related validity

31.  Mental Retardation  a condition of limited mental ability  indicated by an intelligence score below 70  produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of life  varies from mild to profound  Down Syndrome  retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeup

32.  The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores

33.  Heritability  the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes  variability depends on range of populations and environments studied