1. AP Psychology Mrs. Waugh 2014-15 Unit 2 Research & Statistics

2. The Need for Psychological Science

3. Hindsight Bias : September 11, 2001

4. Confirmation Bias A tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions 2-4-6

5. Overconfidence Which is further west? Reno, Nevada or Los Angeles, CA

6. Psychology is a science. Scientific Method

7. Operational Definitions Defines what the researcher will be observing and manipulating. Must be measurable and manageable. HappinessPopularity IntelligenceGood music

8. Types of Research Methods 1. Descriptive 2. Correlational 3. Experimental

9. Case of Phineas Gage (1848) Descriptive Method: Case Study

10. Descriptive Method: Survey

11. Surveys Wording Effects

12. Descriptive Method: Naturalistic Observation  Jane Goodall and the Chimpanzees

13. “Social Influence on Meal Size among Moderately Obese and Non-obese Subjects”

14. The Hawthorne Effect Western Electric Hawthorne Factory in Chicago (1920’s)

15. Correlational Studies “Co-relation”

16. Important ! Correlation causation.

17. Correlation Coefficient Shows how strongly two things are related. From – 1 to + 1 ( r )

18. Scatterplot

19. Different Scatterplots

20. Positive and Negative Correlations  Toothbrushing and tooth decay  Education and income  Helpfulness and happiness  Education and years in jail  TV watching and grades in school

21. Body Lice and Good Health

22. Illusory Correlation

23. Experiments: Cause & Effect

24. Memorize these 24 words: Nine Plugs Army Clock Money Swap Lamp Bank Horse Hold Cell Apple Fire Color Find Ring Think Baby Lust Sway Worm Sword Rock Time

25. Experiments  Independent Variable  Dependent Variable  Control  Random Sample  Random Assignment

26. Placebo Effect

27. Experimenter Bias Rats in a Maze

28. Double Blind Studies

29. Confounding Variables  Have an unwanted influence on the outcome of an experiment  Might confuse, or confound, the interpretation of results.

30. Caffeine’s Effect on GPA

31. Counterbalancing How to offset confounding variables

33. STATISTICS

34. Why Do Psychologists Use Statistics? To make sense of the data they collect

35. Describing Data Misrepresentation may lead to incorrect conclusions.

36. Measures of Central Tendency  Mode  Mean  Median A single score that represents a whole set of scores.

37. Skew

38. Measures of Variation 1. Range

39. Measures of Variation 2. Standard Deviation How much the scores vary around the mean.

40. Normal Curve Most scores fall near the mean.

41. Regression to the Mean

42. Inferential Statistics Reliability: does the test yield consistent results? Significance: is the difference between the groups real or did it happen by chance?

43. When is an Observed Difference Reliable? 1. Representative samples are better than biased samples. 2. Less-variable observations are more reliable than more variable ones. 3. More cases are better than fewer cases.

44. Tiger Woods Scenario

45. Statistically Significant Is the difference between groups real or did it happen by chance?

46. Stats Question The registrar’s office at the University of Michigan has found that usually about 100 students in the Arts & Sciences have perfect marks at the end of their first term. However, only about 10 to 15 students graduate with perfect marks. What do you think is the most likely explanation for the fact that there are more perfect marks after one term than at graduation?

47. Ethics APA

48. Ethics on Human Research 1. Informed Consent 2. Confidentiality 3. Protection from harm 4. Debriefing after deception 5. Right to withdraw

49. Unethical Human Experiments The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment (1932-1972)

50. Ethics on Animal Research The ABC’s Of Animal Research 1. Appropriate 2. Beneficial 3. Caring

51. Ethics for Therapy  Unfair Discrimination  Sexual Harassment  Multiple Relationships  Conflicts of Interest  Informed Consent  Privacy & Confidentiality