1. Warm up
Today we begin our unit on the Judicial Branch. A primary purpose of the U.S. court system is to ensure equal justice under the law. In your opinion, does our justice system accomplish this?

2. The American Judicial System

3. Today we will… Objectives Agenda Explore the meaning of “justice”.
Introduce the American justice system.
Differentiate between criminal and civil law.
1. Matt & Luther
Slides/notes
Closure

4. But how do we define justice?
The Legal System
The legal system is supposed to serve justice.
But how do we define justice?

5. Justice is … Fairness Rightness or correctness Fair dealing
Administration of the law

6. Problems & Weaknesses Corrupt? Innocent until proven guilty?
Prison overcrowding?
Court appointed attorneys?
“Buying” justice?
Justice is wearing a blindfold – is this ironic to you?

8. Matt & Luther With a partner or individual:
Read the story of Matt & Luther.
Answer the questions together.
Be ready to share your answers with the class.

9. Principles of Our Legal System

10. Equal Justice Under the Law
Goal of American justice system is to treat all persons alike
Every person has the same rights granted under the Constitution

11. Due Process of Law Every law must be applied in a fair manner
Cases involving a law that is thought to be unreasonable fall under substantive due process
Cases about the way a law is administered involves procedural due process
Substantive due process examples:
Law that limits dwellings to single families which prevents grandparents from living w/grand children
School board regulation that requires all children to attend public schools, which does not allow for the attending of private schools

12. Adversary System
Courtroom is an arena where lawyers for opposing sides try to present the strongest case
Judge plays an impartial role like a referee
Criticisms:
Encourages lawyers to go for the win, not do what is best for their client
Encourages lawyers to ignore evidence that is not favorable to their side

13. Presumption of Evidence
Everyone is thought to be innocent until evidence proves guilt
Not mentioned in the Constitution but deeply rooted in English legal heritage
Burden of proving guilt falls on the prosecution

14. The Burden of Proof Guilt must be proven:
“Beyond a reasonable doubt” standard in criminal cases (100%)
“Preponderance of the evidence” standard in civil cases (+50%)

15. The Law

16. What is the “Law”? Justice System follows & enforces the “law”
Law is a set of rules and regulations made and enforced by the government to regulate the conduct of people in society

17. Where Does the Law Come From?
Moral Values – What society thinks is right & wrong
Economic Values – Accumulation, preservation, use & distribution of wealth
Political Values – Relationship between government & individuals
Moral values – laws against killing which promote the value of life
Economic values – tax benefit for interest paid on a mortgage encourages people to spend money on buying a house
Political values – law that makes it easier to vote encourages participation in government

18. Types of Law

19. 1. Criminal
Legal action brought by the government against a person charged with committing a crime
Penalties include fines, imprisonment or probation/supervision
U.S. vs. Heath
People vs. Miller

20. Levels of Crime
Misdemeanor – Fine or imprisonment for less than 1 year
Felony – Imprisonment for more than 1 year

21. 2. Civil
Legal action brought by 1 person against another person for some wrong
Penalties include money damages or order by judge requiring wrong doer to stop doing something
Heath v. Miller
The O.J. Simpson Civil Case
Simpson was acquitted of murder charges and cannot be tried for the murders again in a criminal court. In the civil trial as in the murder trial, the plaintiff will be trying to prove Simpson murdered his exwife and her friend, with several key differences.
First, the standard of proof is lower. In a civil trial, the plaintiff in this case the families of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman must prove Simpson committed the murders by a preponderance of the evidence, meaning the jury may decide for the plaintiffs if they determine that there is at least a 50.1 percent probability that Simpson is responsible.
In the murder trial, the state had to prove Simpson committed the murders beyond a reasonable doubt, meaning that jurors had to be all but positive Simpson committed the murders to convict him. This time, jurors need not come to a unanimous decision, and only nine of the 12 jurors need to agree for a verdict to be reached.
Second, Simpson can be required to testify during the civil trial. In the murder trial Simpson was not required to take the stand and the jurors were not allowed to hold his decision to remain silent against him.
In the civil case Simpson will be compelled to testify if called to the stand or forfeit the case. He has already given attorneys 10 days worth of testimony in depositions that can be used at trial.
If the jury finds for the plaintiffs, Simpson will have to pay unspecified damages for the wrongful deaths of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman. A verdict for either side would be a moral victory. For Simpson it would add weight to his acquittal last year. For the families, it would be a counterbalance to the acquittal. Fred Goldman, the outspoken father of Ron, has called the civil suit his sons last opportunity for justice.

22. Civil or Criminal?
For each of the crimes decide whether the action or wrongdoing would fall under civil or criminal law.
Write civil or criminal in the space provided.