1. Slide shows combined and modified from: http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Lecture/lecture.htm; http://www.explorebiology.com/ http://home.att.net/~tljackson/neville.html AP BIOLOGY Chapter 6 What You Should Know Already from BIO I

4. CELL MEMBRANE (also called plasma membrane) PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER with PROTEINS Hydrophobic tails face in Hydrophilic heads face out Outside of cell Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Cell membrane Proteins Protein channel Lipid bilayer Carbohydrate chains Membrane Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved Phospholipid image from: http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Lipid/P_lipid2.htm SEE HOW MEMBRANES FORM

5. FLUID MOSAIC MODEL Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing Click here to See Fluidity Animation from: http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/fluidmem.gif

6. CELL MEMBRANES act as boundary selectively permeable ~ gases & hydrophobic molecules can pass through ~ large, ionic, OR polar molecules need help (facilitated diffusion, ion channels, Na+-K+ pump, endocytosis & exocytosis) http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cellmembrane.html http://www.d.umn.edu/~sdowning/Membranes/membraneImages/jpegimages/diffusionmedium.jpg

7. CYTOPLASM (Between nucleus and cell membrane) Includes ORGANELLES- small structures with a specific function CYTOSOL-semi-fluid “goo” Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html Image from: http://faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu.htm

8. NUCLEUS Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane (Nuclear envelope) Nuclear pores- allow molecules in & out Contains DNA Control center Replication (DNA → DNA) Transcription (DNA → RNA) Image from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html

9. NUCLEOLUS Dark spot in nucleus Produces ribosomal RNA Assembles ribosomes (RNA & proteins) Image from: http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/~babiarz/histo/cell/nuc3L.jpg http://universe-review.ca/I09-08-RNA.gif

10. DNA CHROMATIN- spread out in NON-dividing cells to access info CHROMOSOMES- condensed in dividing cells for easier transport

11. Cytoskeleton Network of protein fibers supporting cell shape and anchoring organelles – Microtubules – Microfilaments

12. RIBOSOMES Composed of two subunits that join and attach to messenger RNA Made of r-RNA & proteins Site of protein synthesis (~translation)

14. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Lipid bilayer continuous with nuclear envelope Smooth ER no ribosomes synthesis of lipids metabolism of carbohydrates stores calcium detoxification of drugs and poisons Rough ER with ribosomes synthesis of secretory proteins (glycoproteins) membrane production Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_10B.GIF

15. Golgi apparatus ( collection of Golgi bodies) “UPS” of cell Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for storage OR transport out of cell http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h Image from: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu

16. Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html See a Golgi movie

17. EVERYTHING’S CONNNECTED!

18. Lysosomes - membrane-bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes Breaks down food unwanted cell parts bacteria helps in APOPTOSIS “programmed cell death” See lysosomes in actionin action:

19. http://www.mgm.ufl.edu/images/bharfe/image3.jpg http://research.yale.edu/ysm/images/78.3/articles-apoptosis-cells.jpg “PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH” APOPTOSIS Embryo development Cell maintenance Signal to self destruct lost in cancer cells

20. CENTRIOLES Made of microtubules Appear during cell division in animal cells to pull chromosomes apart

21. CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) Image from: http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/organelle_worksheet.htm

22. MITOCHONDRIA DOUBLE MEMBRANE (inner membrane = cristae) Has own DNA Powerplant of cell ~ site of cellular respiration ~ burn glucose ~ store energy as ATP Images from:

23. CHLOROPLASTS DOUBLE MEMBRANE Has own DNA Contains thylakoid sacs with chlorophyll for photosynthesis http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/photosynthesis/chloro_sun_bathing.gif http://stallion.abac.peachnet.edu/sm/kmccrae/BIOL2050/Ch1-13/JpegArt1-13/04jpeg/04-28_chloroplasts_1.jpg http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/04/HTML/source/04-17-chloroplast-nl.htm

24. http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/flagella.jpg http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Lab/4551/fig12b.jpg Move substances past cells Help move cells http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm?edit_realword=hwbreathe FLAGELLA & CILIA Made of microtubules 9 + 2 arrangement

25. CILIA Many short FLAGELLA Few Long WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE? Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

26. WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS? Cell wall HUGE vacuoles Chloroplasts No centrioles

27. CELL WALL Outside cell membrane Supports and protects cell Plants- Cellulose makes it “sturdy” Bacteria- have peptidoglycan instead http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm http://www.windows.ucar.edu/kids_space/images/brick_wall.jpg

28. VACUOLES Huge in plants Storage space for water, food, enzymes, waste Image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/plant_cell.gif

29. VACUOLES can store WATER http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_vacuole.html

30. Freshwater organisms have contractile vacuoles to control excess water in cells (HOMEOSTASIS) http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif

31. WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS? Cell wall NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE DNA is circular No membrane bound organelles http://www.eurekascience.com/ICanDoThat/bacteria_cells.htm

32. WHICH IS BIGGER? _________ > _____________ > ___________ Plant cellAnimal cell bacteria

33. DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA ANIMAL CELLPLANT CELLBACTERIA Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Cell membrane Nuclear membrane NO nuclear membrane NO cell wallCell wall made of CELLULOSE Cell wall made of PEPTIDOGLYCAN Has ribosomes DNA in multiple chromosomes DNA is a single circular ring CYTOSKELETON Small vacuolesReally big vacuoleNO vacuoles Has lysosomesFew lysosomesNO lysosomes Has centriolesNO centrioles NO chloroplastsChloroplastsNO chloroplasts SMALLER sizeSMALL sizeSMALLEST size

34. Slide shows combined and modified from: http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Lecture/lecture.htm; http://www.explorebiology.com/ http://home.att.net/~tljackson/neville.html AP BIOLOGY Chapter 6 Cell Structure & Function WHAT’S NEW you didn’t learn in BIO I?

36. NUCLEAR ENVELOPE DOUBLE MEMBRANE is fused in spots forming NUCLEAR PORES NUCLEAR LAMINA- netlike array of protein filaments on nuclear side of envelope that maintains the shape of the nucleus (Play a role in reforming nuclear membrane after cell division, if you inject antibodies to lamina proteins, nucleus can’t reform after mitosis) http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/nuclear_envelope.htm

37. NUCLEAR ENVELOPE Figure 6.10 Nucleus Nucleolus Chromatin Nuclear envelope: Inner membrane Outer membrane Nuclear pore Rough ER Pore complex Surface of nuclear envelope. Pore complexes (TEM). Nuclear lamina (TEM). Close-up of nuclear envelope Ribosome 1 µm 0.25 µm

41. ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell Includes: Plasma membrane Nuclear membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Vacuoles Lysosomes

43. INSULIN being released by pancreas cells using exocytosis http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255ion/fig14x26.jpg

45. Golgi apparatus Cisternae = Flattened membrane sacs (look like stacked pancakes) 2 sides = 2 functions  cis = (receives vesicles by fusion)  trans = buds off vesicles to send to other places (shipping face)

47. Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html See a Golgi movie

48. EVERYTHING’S CONNNECTED!

49. LYSOSOMES (common in animal cells but rare in plant cells) Contain hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion Food (Phagocytosis) Damaged organelles AUTOPHAGY ~ “eating self” See movie

51. LYSOSOMES: Uncontrolled release of lysosome contents into the cytoplasm can also cause cell death (necrosis) APOPTOSIS (self-destruct mechanism) “cell suicide” Embryonic development Removes damaged cells Immune response Cancer cells and AIDS virus override self-destruct signals

52. WHITE BLOOD CELLS USE LYSOSOMES TO DIGEST ENGULFED BACTERIA (Phagocytosis) http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255ion/fig14x28.jpg

54. ANIMAL VACUOLES & VESICLES “transport vehicles” http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif FOOD VACUOLES Phagocytosis/ fuse with lysosomes CONTRACTILE VACUOLES Freshwater organisms pump out excess water

55. PLANT VACUOLES (Central Vacuole) Surrounded by membrane = TONOPLAST Selectively permeable – controls what goes in & out STORAGE Water Stockpile proteins/inorganic ions Deposit metabolic byproducts Store pigments Store defensive compounds against herbivores

56. Other cell parts with membranes that are NOT part of the Endomembrane system: – Mitochondria – Plastids – Peroxisomes

59. MITOCHONDRIA- DOUBLE MEMBRANE Outer membrane Inner membrane (CRISTAE) increases surface area for chemical reactions Intermembrane space= Space between inner membrane & outer membrane MATRIX = Space inside cristae folds contains DNA, enzymes, ribosomes

62. Chloroplasts – site for photosynthesis in plants DOUBLE MEMBRANE Has own DNA Thylakoids – membrane sacs containing light-capturing pigments Grana – closed compartments of stacked thylakoid membranes Stroma – fluid surrounding thylakoids

63. PLASTIDS CHLOROPLASTS- contain pigment chlorophyll for photosynthesis CHROMOPLASTS- contain pigments that give fruits and flowers colors AMYLOPLASTS- store starch (amylose) in roots and tubers (colorless) http://www.jonathanwald.com/800x600/images/Red-Apple.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Potato_-_Amyloplasts.jpg

64. Who else has a circular chromosome not found within a nucleus?

65. Endosymbiotic Theory Originally proposed in early 1900’s Idea reintroduced in 1963 by Lynn Margulis Suggests that engulfed prokaryotes shared symbiotic relationship with host cell Advantages for both: ~ one supplies energy ~ other raw materials & protection http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Margulis

66. ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Endosymbiosis_theory.gif See a movie about ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY

67. Evidence for Endosymbiotic theory 1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have circular DNA like bacteria. 2. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have ribosomes whose size and structure resemble bacterial ribosomes. 3. Mitochondria and chloroplasts replicate independently of cell division using binary fission like bacteria. 4. Inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts have a composition similar to bacterial membranes.

68. PEROXISOMES Other digestive enzyme sacs in both plants and animals NOT part of endomembrane system (proteins come from cytosol) In fat storing seeds (called GLYOXYSOMES) Break down fatty acids → sugars transport to mitochondria for energy In LIVER CELLS Help detoxify alcohol & other poisons PRODUCE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (also a TOXIN) but have enzyme (CATALASE) to break this down H 2 O 2 → H 2 O + O 2